The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 54 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Hip and spine bone mineral density are greater in master sprinters, but not endurance runners compared with non-athletic controls
Open accessAbstract
We examined bone density in older athletes and controls. Sprinters had greater hip and spine bone density than endurance athletes and controls, whereas values were similar in the latter two groups. These results could not be explained by differences in impact, muscle size or power between sprint and endurance athletes. PURPOSE: We examined the relationship between prolonged participation in regular sprint or endurance running and skeletal health at key clinical sites in older age, and the factors responsible for any associations which we observed. METHODS: We recruited 38 master sprint runners (28 males, 10 females, mean age 71 ± 7 years), 149 master endurance runners (111 males, 38 females, mean age 70 ± 6 years) and 59 non-athletic controls (29 males, 30 females, mean age 74 ± 5 years). Dual X-ray absorptiometry was used to assess hip and spine bone mineral density (BMD), body composition (lean and fat mass), whilst jump power was assessed with jumping mechanography. In athletes, vertical impacts were recorded over 7 days from a waist-worn accelerometer, and details of starting age, age-graded performance and training hours were recorded. RESULTS: In ANOVA models adjusted for sex, age, height, body composition, and jump power, sprinter hip BMD was 10 and 14% greater than that of endurance runners and controls respectively. Sprinter spine BMD was also greater than that of both endurance runners and controls. There were no differences in hip or spine BMD between endurance runners and controls. Stepwise regression showed only discipline (sprint/endurance), sex, and age as predictors of athlete spine BMD, whilst these variables and starting age were predictive of hip BMD. CONCLUSIONS: Regular running is associated with greater BMD at the fracture-prone hip and spine sites in master sprinters but not endurance runners. These benefits cannot be explained by indicators of mechanical loading measured in this study including vertical impacts, body composition or muscular output.
Overview
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TL;DR
Master sprinters had greater hip and spine bone mineral density (BMD) than endurance runners and non-athletic controls, whereas endurance runners showed no BMD advantage over controls. These differences persisted after adjustment for body composition and jump power and were not explained by measured vertical impacts.
Key findings
- In ANOVA models adjusted for sex, age, height, body composition, and jump power, sprinter hip BMD was 10% and 14% greater than that of endurance runners and controls, respectively; sprinter spine BMD was also greater than both groups, while endurance runners and controls did not differ at hip or spine.
- Stepwise regression identified discipline (sprint/endurance), sex, and age as predictors of athlete spine BMD; these variables plus starting age predicted athlete hip BMD.
- Sprinters had greater lean mass and 10–30% greater relative and absolute power values than endurance runners and controls.
- Endurance athletes recorded 2.2-fold and 3.0-fold higher low- and medium-impact counts than sprinters, but high-impact counts did not differ between the athlete groups.
Methods
- Cross-sectional comparison of 38 master sprinters (28 males, 10 females; mean age 71 ± 7 years), 149 master endurance runners (111 males, 38 females; mean age 70 ± 6 years), and 59 non-athletic controls (29 males, 30 females; mean age 74 ± 5 years).
- Dual X-ray absorptiometry measured hip and spine BMD and body composition; jumping mechanography assessed lower-limb muscle power; athletes wore a waist accelerometer for 7 days to record vertical impacts.
- Analyses used ANOVA/ANCOVA models with sequential adjustment for age, height, sex, fat mass, lean mass, and absolute power, plus single-factor and stepwise linear regressions in athletes.
Limitations
- The paper states the cross-sectional design limits causal inference and leaves possible uncontrolled confounding; it also notes little information on medications, nutrient intake including vitamin D, and hormones such as testosterone.
- The authors state that a detailed training log was not taken and that accelerometer displacement during extreme high impacts could affect accuracy; accelerometers registered only vertical impacts, not horizontal components.
- The paper notes muscle measures were obtained at a single time point late in life and may have underestimated life-course differences; evident from the text, controls were older than both athlete groups, and self-selection bias into sport is proposed as an alternative explanation.
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0 Valid · 0 Not valid · 27 Not checked · 57 Own results and interpretations
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“values were similar in the latter two groups”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“There were no differences in hip or spine BMD between endurance runners and controls.”
§ Hip and spine bone mineral density are greater in master sprinters, but not endurance runners compared with non-athletic controls > Abstract > Summary
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption not shown here.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sprinters had greater hip and spine bone density than endurance athletes and controls”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“Regular running is associated with greater BMD at the fracture-prone hip and spine sites in master sprinters but not endurance runners.”
§ Hip and spine bone mineral density are greater in master sprinters, but not endurance runners compared with non-athletic controls > Abstract > Summary
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on 2 assumptions not shown here.
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sprinter spine BMD was also greater than that of both endurance runners and controls.”
§ Hip and spine bone mineral density are greater in master sprinters, but not endurance runners compared with non-athletic controls > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on 2 assumptions not shown here.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this relationship was no longer observed once discipline was included in the regression,”
§ Hip and spine bone mineral density are greater in master sprinters, but not endurance runners compared with non-athletic controls > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no differences in hip BMD between endurance and controls for any model (all P > 0.15).”
§ Hip and spine bone mineral density are greater in master sprinters, but not endurance runners compared with non-athletic controls > Results > Bone mineral density
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In Masters Athletes, Piasecki et al. [13, 14] stated that especially sprinting is associated with greater hip, spine and tibial BMD. What is more this effect was not confirmed to endurance running.”
From Bone mineral density in elite masters athletes: the effect of body composition and long-term exercise (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“Thus, masters athletes should have greater bone mineral density than aged-matched non-athletes and inactive peers [13, 14].”
From Bone mineral density in elite masters athletes: the effect of body composition and long-term exercise (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“There is evidence that chronic physical activity associated with the training of many Master athletes (especially those performing strength and power training) helps maintain bone mineral density [9, 173]”
From Protein Requirements for Master Athletes: Just Older Versions of Their Younger Selves (2021) · cites this paper as [173]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Hip and spine bone mineral density are greater in master sprinters, but not endurance runners compared with non-athletic controls > Materials and methods > Accelerometry
“These were condensed to three impact bands; low (≥ 0.5 to < 1.0 g), medium (≥ 1.0 to < 1.5 g) and higher (≥ 1.5 g) impact.”
§ Hip and spine bone mineral density are greater in master sprinters, but not endurance runners compared with non-athletic controls > Results > Characteristics related to athletic training
“Accelerometry medium impact (1–3.5 g) counts | Accelerometry medium impact (1–3.5 g) counts | 6434 (2364–13,692) | 3326 (694–13,081) | 33,458 (18847–49,909) | 29,868 (21076–41,859)”
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Hip and spine bone mineral density are greater in master sprinters, but not endurance runners compared with non-athletic controls > Results > Regression analysis
“Discipline (sprinter), training age, and fat mass were positively associated with spine BMD”
§ Hip and spine bone mineral density are greater in master sprinters, but not endurance runners compared with non-athletic controls > Results > Regression analysis
“Training age1 | Training age1 | − 0.231 | − 0.366 | − 0.096 | 0.001 | − 0.153 | − 0.284 | − 0.021 | 0.024”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Hip and spine bone mineral density are greater in master sprinters, but not endurance runners compared with non-athletic controls > Materials and methods > DXA scans
“Repeat total body and hip DXA scans were performed in eight MAs within 1 month of the original scan.”
§ Hip and spine bone mineral density are greater in master sprinters, but not endurance runners compared with non-athletic controls > Materials and methods > DXA scans
“Using these repeat scans the short-term error for our laboratory was 2.0% for hip BMD and 0.9% for spine BMD.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Hip and spine bone mineral density are greater in master sprinters, but not endurance runners compared with non-athletic controls > Results > Regression analysis
“Results of linear regressions between individual athlete characteristics and bone outcomes, when adjusted for age, height, body mass and sex are shown in Table 4.”
§ Hip and spine bone mineral density are greater in master sprinters, but not endurance runners compared with non-athletic controls > Results > Regression analysis
“Table 4 Results of linear regression between each individual athlete characteristic and bone outcomes in athletes only, adjusting for age, height, and sex presented as standardised regression coefficient (β)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Hip and spine bone mineral density are greater in master sprinters, but not endurance runners compared with non-athletic controls > Abstract > Methods
“149 master endurance runners (111 males, 38 females, mean age 70 ± 6 years)”
§ Hip and spine bone mineral density are greater in master sprinters, but not endurance runners compared with non-athletic controls > Results > Participant characterisation
“Age (years) | 70.9 ± 6.4 | 71.5 ± 7.9 | 69.9 ± 5.7 | 69.1 ± 50 | 74.1 ± 5.7 | 73.3 ± 4.5”
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Piasecki, J., McPhee, J. S., Hannam, K., Deere, K. C., Elhakeem, A., Piasecki, M., Degens, H., Tobias, J. H., & Ireland, A.
- Affiliations
- Nottingham Trent University (GB)
- Manchester Metropolitan University (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- McPhee, J. S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Archives of Osteoporosis
- Published
- 2018-07-03
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 72-72
- ISSN
- 1862-3522 (ISSN-L)
- 1862-3514
- PMC
- PMC6028830
- OpenAlex
- W2809881194
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 9
- FWCI
- 6.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
- Locations
- Archives of Osteoporosis (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Explore Bristol Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository) (acceptedVersion)
- e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) (submittedVersion)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Manchester Metropolitan University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- bone mineral density, endurance runners, older athletes, hip bone density, spine bone density, jump power, body composition, sex differences, osteoporosis prevention, skeletal health
- MeSH terms
- Endurance Training, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Body Composition, Female, Humans, Male, Pelvic Bones, Physical Endurance, Running, Spine, Cohort Studies, Absorptiometry, Photon, Bone Density
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