n‐3 PUFA Esterified to Glycerol or as Ethyl Esters Reduce Non‐Fasting Plasma Triacylglycerol in Subjects with Hypertriglyceridemia: A Randomized Trial
Abstract
To date, treatment of hypertriglyceridemia with long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) has been investigated solely in fasting and postprandial subjects. However, non-fasting triacylglycerols are more strongly associated with risk of cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of long-chain n-3 PUFA on non-fasting triacylglycerol levels and to compare the effects of n-3 PUFA formulated as acylglycerol (AG-PUFA) or ethyl esters (EE-PUFA). The study was a double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled interventional trial, and included 120 subjects with non-fasting plasma triacylglycerol levels of 1.7-5.65 mmol/L (150-500 mg/dL). The participants received approximately 3 g/day of AG-PUFA, EE-PUFA, or placebo for a period of eight weeks. The levels of non-fasting plasma triacylglycerols decreased 28% in the AG-PUFA group and 22% in the EE-PUFA group (P < 0.001 vs. placebo), with no significant difference between the two groups. The triacylglycerol lowering effect was evident after four weeks, and was inversely correlated with the omega-3 index (EPA + DHA content in erythrocyte membranes). The omega-3 index increased 63.2% in the AG-PUFA group and 58.5% in the EE-PUFA group (P < 0.001). Overall, the heart rate in the AG-PUFA group decreased by three beats per minute (P = 0.045). High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased in the AG-PUFA group (P < 0.001). Neither total nor non-HDL cholesterol changed in any group. Lipopr…
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4 g/d IPE resulted in a 22% decrease in triglycerides versus 10% with 2 g/d IPE.
“For instance, 4 g/d IPE (≈3.8 g/d EPA) resulted in a 22% decrease versus 10% with 2 g/d IPE (≈1.9 g/d EPA).39”
From Omega-3 Fatty Acids for the Management of Hypertriglyceridemia: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association (2019) · cites this paper as [39]
When 4 g/day IPE was given with statins, placebo-adjusted decreases were 22% for triglycerides, 5% for HDL cholesterol, 14% for non-HDL cholesterol, 9% for apolipoprotein B, and 6% for LDL cholesterol, and LDL particle size modestly increased.
“When IPE (4 g/d) was administered with statins, there were placebo-adjusted decreases of 22% in triglycerides, 5% in HDL-C, 14% in non-HDL-C, 9% in apo B, and 6% in LDL-C, 39 and LDL particle size was modestly increased.”
From Omega-3 Fatty Acids for the Management of Hypertriglyceridemia: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association (2019) · cites this paper as [39]
Only 3 of the trials presented in Table 4 specified that results were based on 2 independent measurements separated by at least 1 day.
“Only 3 of the trials presented in Table 4 specified that results were based on 2 independent measurements separated by at least 1 day.32,33,39”
From Omega-3 Fatty Acids for the Management of Hypertriglyceridemia: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association (2019) · cites this paper as [39]
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- Authors
- Hedengran, A., Szecsi, P. B., Dyerberg, J., Harris, W. S., & Stender, S.
- Affiliations
- Copenhagen University Hospital (DK)
- Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Inc. Richmond VA USA
- Corresponding author
- Hedengran, Anne
- Venue
- Lipids
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-11-18
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 165-175
- ISSN
- 0024-4201 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-9307
- OpenAlex
- W2115588972
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 3.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Lipids (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Gentofte Hospital
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipid metabolism and disorders
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
- Keywords
- omega-3 fatty acids, hypertriglyceridemia, omega-3 index, EPA, docosahexaenoic acid, HDL cholesterol, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, heart rate, cardiovascular risk, dietary supplementation, triglyceride lowering
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Double-Blind Method, Esters, Fasting, Female, Glycerides, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Triglycerides, Hypertriglyceridemia, Fatty Acids, Omega-3
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