Global survey of the omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in the blood stream of healthy adults

Stark, Ken D.; Van Elswyk, Mary E.; Higgins, M. Roberta; Weatherford, Charli A.; Salem, Norman

doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2016.05.001

Cited by 519Fatty Acid Research and HealthAquaculture Nutrition and GrowthNutritional Studies and Diet

Global survey of the omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in the blood stream of healthy adults

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Stark, Ken D., Van Elswyk, Mary E., Higgins, M. Roberta, Weatherford, Charli A., Salem, Norman·2016·Progress in Lipid Research

DOI 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.05.001

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Abstract

Studies reporting blood levels of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), were systematically identified in order to create a global map identifying countries and regions with different blood levels. Included studies were those of healthy adults, published in 1980 or later. A total of 298 studies met all inclusion criteria. Studies reported fatty acids in various blood fractions including plasma total lipids (33%), plasma phospholipid (32%), erythrocytes (32%) and whole blood (3.0%). Fatty acid data from each blood fraction were converted to relative weight percentages (wt.%) and then assigned to one of four discrete ranges (high, moderate, low, very low) corresponding to wt.% EPA+DHA in erythrocyte equivalents. Regions with high EPA+DHA blood levels (>8%) included the Sea of Japan, Scandinavia, and areas with indigenous populations or populations not fully adapted to Westernized food habits. Very low blood levels (≤4%) were observed in North America, Central and South America, Europe, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Africa. The present review reveals considerable variability in blood levels of EPA+DHA and the very low to low range of blood EPA+DHA for most of the world may increase global risk for chronic disease.

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Geographical regions with high EPA + DHA blood levels (> 8%) included countries adjacent to the Sea of Japan, Scandinavia, and areas with indigenous populations or populations not fully adapted to Westernized food habits.
“Data revealed that geographical regions with high EPA + DHA blood levels (> 8%) included countries adjacent to the Sea of Japan, Scandinavia, and areas with indigenous populations or populations not fully adapted to Westernized food habits.”
From Role of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human nutrition and health: Review of recent studies and recommendations (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
Very low blood levels (≤ 4%) were observed in North, Central, and South America, Europe, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Africa.
“Very low blood levels (≤ 4%) were observed in North, Central, and South America, Europe, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Africa.”
From Role of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human nutrition and health: Review of recent studies and recommendations (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
Globally, there is considerable variability in EPA + DHA blood levels, and the very low to low range of blood EPA + DHA levels for most regions of the world may increase global risk for chronic disease.
“The authors concluded that, globally, there is considerable variability in EPA + DHA blood levels, and that the very low to low range of blood EPA + DHA levels for most regions of the world may increase global risk for chronic disease.”
From Role of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human nutrition and health: Review of recent studies and recommendations (2021) · cites this paper as [25]

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난소 절제 동물 모델에서 ALA, EPA, DHA와 에스트로겐이 혈중 콜레스테롤 및 중성지방 농도에 미치는 영향
유수민 (2018)

Authors: Stark, K. D., Van Elswyk, M. E., Higgins, M. R., Weatherford, C. A., & Salem, N.
Affiliations: University of Waterloo (CA)
Weatherford (United States) (US)
Corresponding author: Stark, Ken D.
ORCID: Stark, Ken D.
Venue: Progress in Lipid Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2016-07
Volume: 63
Pages: 132-152
ISSN: 0163-7827 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.05.001
OpenAlex: W2400784246
Cited by: 519
References: 572
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 8
FWCI: 6.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Progress in Lipid Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UWSpace (University of Waterloo) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Aquaculture Nutrition and Growth
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Keywords: omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, blood fatty acid levels, plasma phospholipids, erythrocyte fatty acids, regional variation, healthy adults, chronic disease risk, dietary fat intake
MeSH terms: Docosahexaenoic Acids, Erythrocytes, Fatty Acids, Humans, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Biomarkers, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Databases, Factual, Dietary Supplements

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Global survey of the omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in the blood stream of healthy adults

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