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Necessary condition analysis (NCA): review of research topics and guidelines for good practice

Dul, Jan, Hauff, Sven, Bouncken, Ricarda B.·2023·Review of Managerial Science
DOI 10.1007/s11846-023-00628-x
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Abstract

Necessary condition analysis (NCA) is an increasingly used or suggested method in many business and management disciplines including, for example, entrepreneurship, human resource management, international business, marketing, operations, public and nonprofit management, strategic management, and tourism. In the light of this development, our work delivers a review of the topics analyzed with NCA or in which NCA is proposed as a method. The review highlights the tremendous possibilities of using NCA, which hopefully encourages other researchers to try the method. To support researchers in future NCA studies, this article also provides detailed guidelines about how to best use NCA. These cover eight topics: theoretical justification, meaningful data, scatter plot, ceiling line, effect size, statistical test, bottleneck analysis, and further descriptions of NCA.

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  • NCA is well suited for supporting quantitative exploratory research through regression-based techniques to identify enabling conditions.

    “NCA is well suited for supporting quantitative exploratory research through regressionbased techniques to identify enabling conditions (Dul, 2021;Dul et al., 2023).”

    From Exploring the influence of flagship store experience and consumer interactions on purchase behaviour (2025) · cites this paper as Dul et al., 2023

    The guidelines on theoretical justification explicitly discuss using NCA to identify necessary conditions in exploratory research. Section 4.4 describes a regression-based ceiling-line option, but the paper distinguishes NCA’s necessary-condition logic from conventional regression analysis. Thus, describing NCA generally as working ‘through regression-based techniques’ overstates the source. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Necessary condition analysis identifies the essential dimensions of flagship stores and quantifies the extent to which each factor contributes to the outcome.

    “Additionally, this study is complemented by necessary condition analysis, which identifies the essential dimensions of flagship stores and quantifies the extent to which each factor contributes to the outcome (Dul et al., 2023).”

    From Exploring the influence of flagship store experience and consumer interactions on purchase behaviour (2025) · cites this paper as Dul et al., 2023

    The paper’s Fundamental concepts section describes NCA as identifying conditions necessary for an outcome and measuring their effect size. That supports using NCA to assess which flagship-store dimensions are necessary, though the paper does not itself identify those dimensions. It explicitly says NCA does not explain how changes in a factor modify an outcome, so its effect size should not be described as quantifying each factor’s contribution to the outcome (p. not available in our copy). (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • NCA is well-suited for this investigation as it assesses the extent to which each factor is essential for the desired outcome to occur.

    “NCA is well-suited for this investigation as it assesses the extent to which each factor is essential for the desired outcome to occur (Dul et al., 2023; Troiville et al., 2025).”

    From Exploring the influence of flagship store experience and consumer interactions on purchase behaviour (2025) · cites this paper as Dul et al., 2023

  • Human interaction factor (HIF) has a sizable and significant effect size (d = 0.159, p < 0.001) exceeding the minimum d-value threshold (> 0.1).

    “Remarkably, the human interaction factor (HIF) is also not essential for flagship stores to achieve 40% of the observed PI level, despite exhibiting a sizable and significant effect size (d = 0.159, p < 0.001), which exceeds the minimum d-value threshold (> 0.1) (Dul et al., 2023).”

    From Exploring the influence of flagship store experience and consumer interactions on purchase behaviour (2025) · cites this paper as Dul et al., 2023

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Research works printed but not linked: 119

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Dul, J., Hauff, S., & Bouncken, R. B.
ORCID
Bouncken, Ricarda B.
Venue
Review of Managerial Science
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2023-02
Volume
17
Issue
2
Pages
683-714
ISSN
  • 1863-6683
  • 1863-6691
DOI
10.1007/s11846-023-00628-x
Cited by
288
References
0
Language
en
Update notices
correction (2023-03-22)
Licence
Funders
Universität Bayreuth

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