Dietary factors in the pathogenesis of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of dietary factors in the pathogenesis of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Reduced pulmonary function and indicators of airway obstruction have been shown to be strong indicators of mortality; therefore, a link with diet in the pathogenesis of these diseases would have important public health implications. The results of the studies identified in the review suggest that people who have a diet rich in fruit and vegetables have a lower risk of poor respiratory health, and that this may be due to the antioxidant nutrients these foods contain. On the basis of the evidence, it seems justified to promote a healthy diet, high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods and low in alcohol and fatty foods, as set out in existing guidelines for prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer, to protect respiratory health in both children and adults.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A number of epidemiological studies have shown beneficial effects of n-3 fatty acids, vitamins, fruits, and vegetables on lung functions and the risk of COPD.
“On the other hand, a number of epidemiological studies have shown the beneficial effects of n-3 fatty acids, vitamins, fruits and vegetables on lung functions and the risk of COPD [108,116,117,118,119,120,121,122].”
From NO-Rich Diet for Lifestyle-Related Diseases (2015) · cites this paper as [118]
Cites
Epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Anto, J. M., Vermeire, P. A., Vestbo, J., & Sunyer, J. (2001) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.01.17509820 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Fatty acids and lymphocyte functions
Calder, P. C., Yaqoob, P., Thiès, F., WALLACE, F. A., & Miles, E. A. (2002) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn2001455 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Diet and childhood asthma in a society in transition: a study in urban and rural Saudi Arabia
Hijazi, N. (2000) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thorax.55.9.775 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Dietary Antioxidants and Asthma in Adults
SHAHEEN, S. O., Sterne, J. A. C., THOMPSON, R. L., SONGHURST, C. E., Margetts, B., & Burney, P. (2001) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.164.10.2104061 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Hu, G., & Cassano, P. A. (2000) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010141 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Ellwood, P. E., Asher, M. I., Björkstén, B., Burr, M. L., Pearce, N. E., & Robertson, C. F. (2001) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.01.17304360 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Intake of Catechins, Flavonols, and Flavones
Tabak, C., Arts, I. C. W., Smit, H. A., Heederik, D. J. J., & Kromhout, D. (2001) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.164.1.2010025 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Consumption of fresh fruit rich in vitamin C and wheezing symptoms in children
Forastiere, F. (2000) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thorax.55.4.283 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Grievink, L., Smit, H. A., Ocké, M. C., Veer, P. V. ’., & Kromhout, D. (1998) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.53.3.166 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Asthma in preschool children: prevalence and risk factors
Haby, M. M., Peat, J. K., Marks, G. B., Woolcock, A. J., & Leeder, S. R. (2001) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thorax.56.8.589 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Diet, lung function, and lung function decline in a cohort of 2512 middle aged men
Butland, B. K. (2000) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thorax.55.2.102 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Cigarette Smoking and Disturbance of Menstrual Function
Hornsby, P. P., Wilcox, A. J., & Weinberg, C. R. (1998) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199803000-00016 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Schünemann, H. J., Grant, B. J. B., Freudenheim, J. L., Muti, P. C., Browne, R. W., DRAKE, J. A., Klocke, R. A., & Trevisan, M. (2001) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.163.5.2007135 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Tabak, C., Smit, H. A., Heederik, D. J. J., Ocké, M. C., & Kromhout, D. (2001) · Clinical & Experimental Allergy · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01064.x · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Antioxidant Supplementation and Respiratory Functions among Workers Exposed to High Levels of Ozone
Romieu, I., MENESES, F., Ramírez, M., Ruiz‐Velasco, S., PADILLA, R. P., Sienra, J. J., Gerber, M., Grievink, L., DEKKER, R., Walda, I., et al. (1998) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.158.1.9712053 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
The role of diet in the aetiology of asthma
Fogarty, & Britton (2000) · Clinical & Experimental Allergy · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00766.x · Cited by 150 · see citing works
The burden of childhood asthma
von Mutius, E. (2000) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.82.suppl_2.ii2 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Antioxidant intake and adult-onset wheeze: a case-control study. Aberdeen WHEASE Study Group
Bodner, C., Godden, D., Brown, K. S., Little, J., Ross, S., & Seaton, A. (1999) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.99.13102299 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Tabak, C., Smit, H. A., Räsänen, L., Fidanza, F., Menotti, A., NISSINEN, A., Feskens, E. J. M., Heederik, D. J. J., & Kromhout, D. (1999) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.54.11.1021 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Effects of Changes in Fresh Fruit Consumption on Ventilatory Function in Healthy British Adults
CAREY, I. M., STRACHAN, D. P., & COOK, D. G. (1998) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.158.3.9712065 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Dietary micronutrients/antioxidants and their relationship with bronchial asthma severity
Picado, C., Deulofeu, R., Lleonart, R., Agustí, M., Mullol, J., Torra, M., & Quintó, L. (2001) · Allergy · doi:10.1034/j.1398-9995.2001.00793.x · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in lung disease
Schwartz, J. D. (2000) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.1.393s · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Margarine Consumption and Allergy in Children
Bolte, G., FRYE, C., Hoelscher, B., Meyer, I., Wjst, M., & Heinrich, J. (2001) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.163.1.2006004 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Huang, S., Lin, K., & Pan, W. (2001) · Clinical & Experimental Allergy · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.00938.x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Butland, B. K., Strachan, D. P., & Anderson, H. R. (1999) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.13d08.x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Vegetable Consumption and Risk of Chronic Disease
Vecchia, C. L., Decarli, A., & Pagano, R. (1998) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199803000-00019 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Chen, R., Tunstall‐Pedoe, H., Bolton-Smith, C., Hannah, M., & Morrison, C. (2001) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/153.2.157 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Dominguez, L. J., Barbagallo, M., Lorenzo, G. D., Drago, A., SCOLA, S., Morici, G., & Caruso, C. (1998) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0950137 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Dietary Vitamin C Intake and Lung Function in Rural China
Hu, G., Zhang, X., Chen, J., Peto, R., Campbell, T. C., & Cassano, P. A. (1998) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009685 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Tabak, C., Feskens, E. J. M., Heederik, D. J. J., Kromhout, D., Menotti, A., Blackburn, H., & for the Seven Countries Study Group (1998) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600653 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Asthma, oxidant stress, and diet
Greene, L. S. (1999) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(99)00209-9 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Docosahexaenoic Acid and Smoking-Related Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Shahar, E., Boland, L. L., Folsom, A. R., Tockman, M. S., McGovern, P. G., & Eckfeldt, J. H. (1999) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.159.6.9810068 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Smit, H. A. (2001) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/rr65 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Serum Carotenoids, α -Tocopherol, and Lung Function among Dutch Elderly
Grievink, L., Waart, F. G. D., Schouten, E. G., & Kok, F. J. (2000) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.161.3.9904040 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Dietary Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium, and Children's Lung Function
Gilliland, F. D. (2002) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/155.2.125 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Sargeant, L. A., Jaeckel, A., & Wareham, N. J. (2000) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.016003397.x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Fish consumption and respiratory symptoms among young adults in a Norwegian community
Fluge, Ø., Omenaas, E. R., Eide, G. E., & Gulsvik, A. (1998) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.98.12020336 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Reduced intracellular magnesium concentrations in asthmatic patients
Emelyanov, A. V., Fedoseev, G. B., & Barnes, P. J. (1999) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.99.13103899 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Plasma concentrations of the antioxidants β-carotene and α-tocopherol in relation to lung function
Grievink, L., Smit, H., Veer, P. V., Brunekreef, B., & Kromhout, D. (1999) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600854 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Dominguez, L. J., Barbagallo, M., Lorenzo, G. D., et al. (1998) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs19980082 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Kassaye, T., Becklake, M. R., Receveur, O., Hanley, J. A., & Johns, T. (2001) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/30.3.457 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Factors associated with asthma in Albania
Priftanji, A., Qirko, E., Burr, M. L., Layzell, J., & Williams, K. L. (2002) · Allergy · doi:10.1034/j.1398-9995.2002.1o3449.x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Grievink, L., Smit, H. A., Veer, P. V. ’., Brunekreef, B., & Kromhout, D. (2000) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-200001000-00013 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Decreased Arginine Bioavailability and Increased Serum Arginase Activity in Asthma
Morris, C. R., Poljakovic, M., Lavrisha, L., Machado, L., Kuypers, F. A., & Morris, S. M. (2004) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200309-1304oc · Cited by 282 · see citing works
“Although the concept of dietary factors influencing the pathogenesis of asthma is not novel (59), the impact of multiple amino acid deficiencies on asthma severity warrants further investigation.”
Mainardi, T., Kapoor, S., & Bielory, L. (2009) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.12.023 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Double Emulsions: Emerging Delivery System for Plant Bioactives
Lamba, H., Sathish, K., & Sabikhi, L. (2015) · Food and Bioprocess Technology · doi:10.1007/s11947-014-1468-6 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
“2005), Alzheimer’s disease (Danny and Buttriss 2005) and lung disorders such as obstructive pulmonary disease (Denny et al. 2003).”
BackgroundThe Role of Oxidative Stress in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Bowler, R. P., Barnes, P. J., & Crapo, J. D. (2004) · COPD Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease · doi:10.1081/copd-200027031 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Kim, J., Elfman, L., Mi, Y., Johansson, M., Smedje, G., & Norbäck, D. (2005) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2005.00334.x · Cited by 146 · see citing works
NO-Rich Diet for Lifestyle-Related Diseases
Kobayashi, J., Ohtake, K., & Uchida, H. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7064911 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Obesity, Nutrition, and Asthma in Children
Lang, J. E. (2012) · Pediatric Allergy Immunology and Pulmonology · doi:10.1089/ped.2011.0137 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Asthmatics have increased airway and circulating markers of oxidative stress.(60) The antioxidant system, which is equipped to protect the lung from damaging oxidants, is impaired in asthma.”
BackgroundA systematic review of the role of vitamin insufficiencies and supplementation in COPD
Tsiligianni, I., & van der Molen, T. (2010) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/1465-9921-11-171 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Furthermore, a higher intake of fruits and vegetables was associated with a lower risk of COPD, lower mortality and an improvement of spirometric values [10-17].”
Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in asthma- and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
Mickleborough, T. D., & Rundell, K. W. (2005) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602250 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“…pharmacological medications (Hackman et al, 1996; Smit et al, 1999; Baker & Ayres, 2000; Fogarty & Britton, 2000a; Devereux & Seaton, 2001; Picado et al, 2001; Romieu & Trenga, 2001; Smit, 2001; Denny et al, 2003; Mickleborough & Gotshall, 2003), and reduce the public health burden of this disease.”
BackgroundThe Epithelial Cell in Lung Health and Emphysema Pathogenesis
Mercer, B. A., Lemaitre, V., Powell, C. A., & D'Armiento, J. M. (2006) · Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews · doi:10.2174/157339806776843085 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Antioxidant vitamin supplementation in asthma.
Riccioni, G., Mancini, B., Bucciarelli, T., Ilio, C. D., & D’Orazio, N. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Do Implant Overdentures Improve Dietary Intake? A Randomized Clinical Trial
Hamdan, N., Gray‐Donald, K., Awad, M., Johnson‐Down, L., Wollin, S. D., & Feine, J. S. (2013) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/0022034513504948 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Moreover, a look at the possible dietary differences between mandibular IODs and CDs becomes more essential in light of the increase in the elderly population, longer life expectancy, demand for better quality of life for the elderly, and evidence showing a relationship between an increased intake of some macro- and m…”
BackgroundRelationship between Serum Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Asthma Endpoints
Adams, S., Lopata, A. L., Smuts, C. M., Baatjies, R., & Jeebhay, M. F. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16010043 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Clinical efficacy of n-3 fatty acid supplementation in patients with asthma
Wong, K. W. (2005) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2004.10.009 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Riccioni, G., & D’Orazio, N. (2005) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1517/13543784.14.9.1145 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Many studies and reviews reported increased oxidative stress in the blood and airways of asthmatic subjects [19,20].”
BackgroundKoechlin‐Ramonatxo, C. (2006) · Nutrition Clinique et Métabolisme · doi:10.1016/j.nupar.2006.10.178 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Plant foods and health: focus on plant bioactives.
Denny, A., & Buttriss, J. (2005) · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Krajewska, J., Krajewski, W. R., & Zatoński, T. (2019) · Ear Nose & Throat Journal · doi:10.1177/0145561319840819 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Asthma
Mickleborough, T. D., Ionescu, A., & Rundell, K. W. (2004) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2004.10.1067 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…lung disease are of real interest because they could potentially reduce the dose requirements of pharmacologic medications (Baker and Ayres, 2000; Denny et al., 2003; Devereux and Seaton, 2001; Fogarty and Britton, 2000; Hackman et al., 1996; Mc-Keever and Britton, 2004; Mickleborough and…”
Childhood asthma and indoor allergens in Native Americans in New York
Surdu, S., Montoya, L. D., Tarbell, A. M., & Carpenter, D. O. (2006) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/1476-069x-5-22 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Seyedrezazadeh, E., Moghaddam, M. P., Ansarin, K., Jafarabadi, M. A., Sharifi, A., Sharma, S., & Kolahdooz, F. (2019) · PubMed Central · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Dietary Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation and Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Asthma
Mickleborough, T. D. (2005) · Journal of Asthma · doi:10.1081/jas-200062950 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Antioxidant Diet Protects Against Emphysema, but Increases Mortality in Cigarette Smoke-Exposed Mice
Nyunoya, T., March, T. H., Tesfaigzi, Y., & Seagrave, J. (2011) · COPD Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease · doi:10.3109/15412555.2011.600361 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“In humans, there is substantial evidence that a “healthy diet,” particularly one rich in fruits (10) and possibly vegetables (11,12) is protective against CS-induced emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.”
BackgroundVitamin D, C-reactive protein, and oxidative stress markers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Pandey, S., Garg, R., Kant, S., & Gaur, P. (2019) · Tzu Chi Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_198_19 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Higher intake of fruits and vegetables was associated with a lower risk of COPD, lower mortality, and an improvement of spirometric values [55-59].”
BackgroundEffect of vitamin C administration on leukocyte vitamin C level and severity of bronchial asthma.
Nadi, E., Tavakoli, F., Zeraati, F., Goodarzi, M. T., & Hashemi, S. H. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Buttriss, J. L. (2012) · Phytonutrients · doi:10.1002/9781118253649.ch1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Bearing definition problems in mind, there have been a number of reviews of the links between nutrition and COPDs (Schunemann et al. 2001; Romieu and Trenga 2001; Trenga et al. 2001; Denny et al. 2003).”
BackgroundModifiable lifestyle factors impact airway health in non‐asthmatic prepubescent boys but not girls
Rosenkranz, S. K., Swain, K. E., Rosenkranz, R. R., Beckman, B., & Harms, C. A. (2010) · Pediatric Pulmonology · doi:10.1002/ppul.21393 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Healthy children who have asthma-like symptoms (specifically airway hyper-responsiveness), but no diagnosis of asthma, have been shown to be more likely than their non-reactive peers to develop asthma in the future.(11) The impact of controllable lifestyle factors such as increasing PA, improving body composition, and…”
BackgroundCurrie, C., Framroze, B., Singh, D., Lea, S., Bjerknes, C., & Hermansen, E. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10102574 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Role of anti-oxidants in the treatment of bronchial asthma
Riccioni, G., Mancini, B., Bucciarelli, T., Ilio, C. D., & D’Orazio, N. (2006) · Drug Discovery Today Therapeutic Strategies · doi:10.1016/j.ddstr.2006.09.010 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Abdel-Salam, B. K. A., Shoker, N. I., & Refaat, A. M. (2015) · Allergologia et Immunopathologia · doi:10.1016/j.aller.2015.01.010 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Inhaled corticosteroids and risk of osteoporosis in asthma – reply
Førli, L. (2005) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2005.01535.x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kim, J. (2006) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
[Nutritional depletion in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease].
Chen, Y., & Yao, W.-Z. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Measure and effect of diet in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
García, B. P., & De, J. V. (2011) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Abdulrahman, M. A., Rahim, S. M., & Marbut, M. M. (2010)
Marbut, M. M., Rahim, S. M., & Abdulrahman, M. A. (2010)
Nowicki, J., & Murray, M. T. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-43044-9.00148-5
Mainardi, T., Kapoor, S., & Bielory, L. (2009) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.06.013
Murray, M. T. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-2333-5.00147-4
Hallin, R. (2009) · Uppsala University Publications (Uppsala University)
- Authors
- Denny, S. I., Thompson, R. L., & Margetts, B. M.
- Affiliations
- Southampton General Hospital (GB)
- ORCID
- Thompson, Rachel L.
- Venue
- Current Allergy and Asthma Reports
- Published
- 2003-03
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 130-136
- ISSN
- 1529-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1534-6315
- OpenAlex
- W2052104030
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2022: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 0.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Allergy and Asthma Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Asthma and respiratory diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diet, fruit and vegetable intake, antioxidant nutrients, lung function, airway obstruction, respiratory health, whole grains, alcohol consumption, fatty foods, pathogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Asthma, Diet, Fatty Acids, Unsaturated, Fruit, Humans, Minerals, Vegetables, Vitamins, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review