Cited by 439Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular HealthDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsLipid metabolism and disorders

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Residual Cardiovascular Risk Despite Optimal LDL Cholesterol Reduction with Statins: The Evidence, Etiology, and Therapeutic Challenges

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Sampson, Uchechukwu K., Fazio, Sergio, Linton, MacRae F.·2012·Current Atherosclerosis Reports

DOI 10.1007/s11883-011-0219-7PMC PMC3697085

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Abstract

This review captures the existence, cause, and treatment challenges of residual cardiovascular risk (CVR) after aggressive low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction. Scientific evidence implicates low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and high triglycerides (TG) in the CVR observed after LDL-C lowering. However, the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) lipid trial with fenofibrate, the Investigation of Lipid Level Management to Understand its Impact in Atherosclerotic Events (ILLUMINATE) study with torcetrapib, and the recently terminated Atherothrombosis Intervention in Metabolic Syndrome with Low HDL Cholesterol/High Triglyceride and Impact on Global Health Outcomes (AIM-HIGH) study with niacin, do not clearly attribute risk reduction value to HDL-C/TG modulation. The optimum approach to long-term lipid-modifying therapies for CVR reduction remains uncertain. Consequently, absolute risk modulation via lifestyle changes remains the centerpiece of a strategy addressing the physiologic drivers of CVR associated with HDL-C/TG, especially in the context of diabetes/metabolic syndrome.

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1 retracted

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Scavenging of reactive dicarbonyls with 2-hydroxybenzylamine reduces atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic Ldlr −/− micePreprint
Tao, H., Huang, J., Yancey, P. G., Yermalitsky, V. N., Blakemore, J. L., Zhang, Y., Ding, L., Zagol-Ikapitte, I. A., Amarnath, V., Boutaud, O. G., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/524884 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Does liver-derived ANGPTL3 play a role in cardiometabolic risk? Current evidence and future perspectives
Maranghi, M., Tiseo, G., & Arca, M. (2013) · Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.2217/clp.13.66
Combination of Invasive and Non-Invasive Vascular Examinations: Usefulness from the Preemptive Aspect
Takaya, T., & Ishida, T. (2015) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.ed023
GLYCEMIC CONTROL AMONG ADULT DIABETICS IN POST-CONFLICT IRAQ برحلا دعب ام قارعلا يف نيغلابلا يركسلا ءادلا ىضرم دنع مدلا يف ركسلا طبض
Al-Qaisi, O. F., & Al-Diwan, J. K. (2015)
Estudio del mecanismo de acción de distintos quimiotipos de Lippia alba sobre el metabolismo lipídico y la proliferación celular
Montero Villegas, S. (2017) · doi:10.35537/10915/59673
“riesgo residual de ECV a pesar de recibir terapia con estatinas (455, 456) y en ciertos individuos el uso de estas drogas es limitada debido a la aparición de reacciones adversas, como las miopatías (457).”
Background
Intravascular Ultrasound Studies of Plaque Progression and Regression
Shishikura, D., Honda, S., Andrews, J., & Nicholls, S. J. (2018) · Cardiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2017.12.014
Original paper: A new type of polyphenols-containing dietary supplement for correction of lipids and inflammatory markers in patients with coronary artery disease
Ērglis, K., Mintāle, I., Briede, I., Rozenbergs, A., Jēgere, S., Narbute, I., Jakobsons, E., Dzērve, V., Ērglis, M., Bajāre, I., et al. (2018) · Seminars in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.2478/semcard-2018-0004
The Moderating Effect of Shift Work on Lipid Pathway: An Application of Multi-Group Path Analysis Model
Maleki, S., Fesharaki, M. G., & Rowzati, M. (2018) · Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal · doi:10.5812/ircmj.70692
The Effect of Concurrent Exercise Order (Resistance and Endurance) on Lipid Profile, Leptin Serum and Insulin Resistance Index in Overweight Women
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“Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: ConLDL-C, TG, and HDL-C is of clinical benefit [9].”
Method
SERUM LIPID PROFILE AND ARTERIAL STIFFNESS IN NON-DIPPERS
Bawa-Allah, A., Mashao, M. M., Nyundu, T., Phukubje, E., Nkosi, B. G., Ngema, M., Mlambo, B., & Maseko, M. J. (2020) · International Journal of Medicine and Medical Research · doi:10.11603/ijmmr.2413-6077.2020.1.11014
UNMET MEDICAL NEEDS IN HIGH-RISK CARDIOVASCULAR PATIENTS WITH FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA
Tsenov, S., Grigorov, E. E., & Belcheva, V. (2021) · Journal of IMAB - Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers) · doi:10.5272/jimab.2021271.3652
Metabolism-dependent Vascular Pathophysiology in Adult Diseases
Kushiyama, A., Takahashi, M., Kushiyama, S., Kikuchi, T., & Asano, T. (2022) · YAKUGAKU ZASSHI · doi:10.1248/yakushi.21-00176-3
Relationship between Discordance of Low-Density Lipoprotein and Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Risk Stratification in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Eren, M., Kurmuş, Ö., Aslan, T., Akbuğa, K., & Tolunay, H. (2021) · International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences · doi:10.36660/ijcs.20200172
Associação entre as subfrações de colesterol da lipoproteína de alta densidade mensuradas pelo método de Perfil Vertical Automático e síndrome metabólica, inflamação, resistência à insulina e risco de doença vascular subclínica: Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto
Generoso, G. (2021) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2021.tde-08092021-111523
The impact of salt on blood pressure and cardiovascular target organ damage
Mashao, M. M. (2020) · University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Institutional Repository on DSpace (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg)
Por qué se han caído al suelo tantas aceitunas en la pasada campaña oleícola
Díaz-Bajo, B. C. (2008) · Hispana
Remnant Cholesterol and Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study in Northern ChinaPreprint
Liu, M., Zhang, N., Fang, X., Bao, H., Yan, T., Zhu, H., Zhao, Y., Zhang, W., Bi, Y., Tian, Z., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1140711/v1
Current World Literature
(2012) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0b013e32835670af
Measurement of Oxidized LDL and Remnant Lipoprotein Cholesterol Associated with High‑Sensitive C‑Reactive Protein in Coronary Heart Disease
Keerthi, K., Jaishankar, T., Natarajan, K., & Kannan, B. (2021) · International Journal of Current Research and Review · doi:10.31782/ijcrr.2021.131409
Therapeutic strategies targeting oxidative stress to improve dyslipidemia and left ventricular hypertrophy
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Vitamin B3 impairs reverse cholesterol transport in Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice
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A Web-Based Application for Risk Stratification and Optimization in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: Pilot Study
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“Despite this, there remains a residual risk for cardiovascular events such as acute coronary syndrome, congestive heart failure, and cardiovascular death [3,4].”
Background
A correlação dos níveis de colesterol e doenças cardiovasculares em idosos
Rodrigues, I. G., Vieira, D., Vilaça, A. J. M., Borges, C. C. M., Martins, F. V., Oliveira, I. C., Silva, K. T. S., & Paneago, L. F. (2023) · Revista Master Ensino Pesquisa e Extensão · doi:10.47224/revistamaster.v8i15.359
Riesgo residual. Conclusiones
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Effect of treatment with probiotics in the reduction of altered levels of the lipid profile in humans and rats: a systematic review
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Association Between Coexisting Hypertension, Dyslipidemia, and Elevated C-Reactive Protein with Cardiovascular Disease in the Health and Retirement Study
Karadimas, T., & Meier, H. C. S. (2024) · University of Michigan Undergraduate Research Journal · doi:10.3998/umurj.5512 · Cited by 1
Additional file 3 of Causal associations of remnant cholesterol with cardiometabolic diseases and risk factors: a mendelian randomization analysis
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How safe are proprotein convertase subtilisinekexin type 9 inhibitors in diabetes?
Chen, T., & Liu, N. (2024) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0000000000000934
Time-Dependent Risk for Recurrence in Survivors of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events
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“This is particularly crucial as this growing population faces a fourfold higher risk of mortality attributed to potential recurrent cardiovascular events compared to the general population [6,7].”
Background
Identifying Risk Factors for Native Coronary Atherosclerosis Progression After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
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The Effect of Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation on Coronary Artery Calcium Progression in Subjects With Diabetes and Coronary Artery Disease: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial
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Estimation of patients potentially eligible for icosapent ethyl therapy in Italy through a review of literature data
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Authors: Sampson, U. K., Fazio, S., & Linton, M. F.
Affiliations: Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Linton, MacRae F.
ORCID: Fazio, Sergio
Linton, MacRae F.
Venue: Current Atherosclerosis Reports
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2011-11-19
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-10
ISSN: 1523-3804 (ISSN-L)
1534-6242
DOI: 10.1007/s11883-011-0219-7
PMC: PMC3697085
OpenAlex: W2079979713
Cited by: 439
References: 117
Citations by year: 2026: 37 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 1.91
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Current Atherosclerosis Reports (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL065709, R01HL086988, HL086988, HL105375, HL65709, R01HL105375)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipid metabolism and disorders
Keywords: residual cardiovascular risk, LDL cholesterol lowering, statins, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, fenofibrate, torcetrapib, nicotinic acid, AIM-HIGH trial, ILLUMINATE trial, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, lifestyle modification, lipid therapy
MeSH terms: Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Life Style, Cholesterol, LDL, Morbidity, Risk Factors, Risk Assessment, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

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Residual Cardiovascular Risk Despite Optimal LDL Cholesterol Reduction with Statins: The Evidence, Etiology, and Therapeutic Challenges

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