The DOI matches its Crossref record; 116 of the 117 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Residual Cardiovascular Risk Despite Optimal LDL Cholesterol Reduction with Statins: The Evidence, Etiology, and Therapeutic Challenges
Open accessAbstract
This review captures the existence, cause, and treatment challenges of residual cardiovascular risk (CVR) after aggressive low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction. Scientific evidence implicates low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and high triglycerides (TG) in the CVR observed after LDL-C lowering. However, the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) lipid trial with fenofibrate, the Investigation of Lipid Level Management to Understand its Impact in Atherosclerotic Events (ILLUMINATE) study with torcetrapib, and the recently terminated Atherothrombosis Intervention in Metabolic Syndrome with Low HDL Cholesterol/High Triglyceride and Impact on Global Health Outcomes (AIM-HIGH) study with niacin, do not clearly attribute risk reduction value to HDL-C/TG modulation. The optimum approach to long-term lipid-modifying therapies for CVR reduction remains uncertain. Consequently, absolute risk modulation via lifestyle changes remains the centerpiece of a strategy addressing the physiologic drivers of CVR associated with HDL-C/TG, especially in the context of diabetes/metabolic syndrome.
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“Residual risk persists in many individuals, especially those with features of metabolic syndrome (MetS) or diabetes mellitus (DM), suggesting the need to address additional lipoprotein abnormalities such as elevated triglycerides (TGs) and TG-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) [6, 7].”
From Targeting Triglycerides in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: Evidence, Mechanisms, and Emerging Therapies (2026) · cites this paper as [7]
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Inflammation and Atherosclerosis
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Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease with Pravastatin in Men with Hypercholesterolemia
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High-Density Lipoprotein Subfractions - What the Clinicians Need to Know
Pirillo, A., Norata, G. D., & Catapano, A. L. (2013) · Cardiology · doi:10.1159/000346463 · Cited by 754
Sandesara, P. B., Virani, S. S., Fazio, S., & Shapiro, M. D. (2019) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2018-00184 · Cited by 608
Self-citationHow the immune system shapes atherosclerosis: roles of innate and adaptive immunity
Roy, P., Orecchioni, M., & Ley, K. F. (2021) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00584-1 · Cited by 610
Li-ya, W., & Parhofer, K. G. (2014) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2014.08.010 · Cited by 543
“This residual cardiovascular risk in individuals receiving an adequate statin therapy has been attributed to elevated triglycerides and low HDL [76].”
BackgroundInflammation and cardiovascular disease: From mechanisms to therapeutics
Alfaddagh, A., Martin, S. S., Leucker, T. M., Michos, E. D., Blaha, M. J., Lowenstein, C. J., Jones, S. R., & Toth, P. P. (2020) · American Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2020.100130 · Cited by 473
“ence residual cardiovascular (CV) risk [1].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Sampson, U. K., Fazio, S., & Linton, M. F.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Linton, MacRae F.
- Venue
- Current Atherosclerosis Reports
- Published
- 2011-11-19
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-10
- ISSN
- 1523-3804 (ISSN-L)
- 1534-6242
- PMC
- PMC3697085
- OpenAlex
- W2079979713
- Cited by
- 439
- References
- 117
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 1.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Current Atherosclerosis Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL065709, R01HL086988, HL086988, HL105375, HL65709, R01HL105375)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipid metabolism and disorders
- Keywords
- residual cardiovascular risk, LDL cholesterol lowering, statins, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, fenofibrate, torcetrapib, nicotinic acid, AIM-HIGH trial, ILLUMINATE trial, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, lifestyle modification, lipid therapy
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Life Style, Cholesterol, LDL, Morbidity, Risk Factors, Risk Assessment, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
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