Cited by 474Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular DiseasesLipoproteins and Cardiovascular HealthInflammatory Biomarkers in Disease Prognosis

Inflammation and cardiovascular disease: From mechanisms to therapeutics

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Alfaddagh, Abdulhamied, Martin, Seth S., Leucker, Thorsten M., Michos, Erin D., Blaha, Michael J., Lowenstein, Charles J., Jones, Steven R., Toth, Peter P.·2020·American Journal of Preventive Cardiology

Abstract

Inflammation constitutes a complex, highly conserved cascade of molecular and cellular events. Inflammation has been labeled as "the fire within," is highly regulated, and is critical to host defense and tissue repair. In general, inflammation is beneficial and has evolved to promote survival. However, inflammation can also be maladaptive when chronically activated and sustained, leading to progressive tissue injury and reduced survival. Examples of a maladaptive response include rheumatologic disease and atherosclerosis. Despite evidence gathered by Virchow over 100 years ago showing that inflammatory white cells play a role in atherogenesis, atherosclerosis was until recently viewed as a disease of passive cholesterol accumulation in the subendothelial space. This view has been supplanted by considerable basic scientific and clinical evidence demonstrating that every step of atherogenesis, from the development of endothelial cell dysfunction to foam cell formation, plaque formation and progression, and ultimately plaque rupture stemming from architectural instability, is driven by the cytokines, interleukins, and cellular constituents of the inflammatory response. Herein we provide an overview of the role of inflammation in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, discuss the predictive value of various biomarkers involved in inflammation, and summarize recent clinical trials that evaluated the capacity of various pharmacologic interventions to attenuate the intensity of inflammation and impact risk for acute cardiovascular events.

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Authors
Alfaddagh, A., Martin, S. S., Leucker, T. M., Michos, E. D., Blaha, M. J., Lowenstein, C. J., Jones, S. R., & Toth, P. P.
Affiliations
Johns Hopkins University (US)
Corresponding author
Toth, Peter P.
Venue
American Journal of Preventive Cardiology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2020-12
Volume
4
Pages
100130
ISSN
2666-6677 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3109720983
Cited by
473
References
239
Citations by year
2026: 94 · 2025: 137 · 2024: 98 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 20
FWCI
3.52
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • American Journal of Preventive Cardiology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Inflammatory Biomarkers in Disease Prognosis
Keywords
inflammation, atherosclerosis, atherogenesis, cardiovascular disease, chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, foam cell formation, plaque rupture, cytokines, interleukins, inflammatory markers, anti-inflammatory therapy, acute cardiovascular events, plaque vulnerability

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