Cited by 203Birth, Development, and HealthMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumStress Responses and Cortisol

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Prenatal Programming of Mental Illness: Current Understanding of Relationship and Mechanisms

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Kim, Deborah R., Bale, Tracy L., Epperson, C. Neill·2015·Current Psychiatry Reports

DOI 10.1007/s11920-014-0546-9PMC PMC4458064

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Abstract

The British epidemiologist Dr. David J. Barker documented the relationship between infant birth weight and later onset of hypertension, coronary heart disease, insulin resistance, and type II diabetes. A stressful in utero environment can cause long-term consequences for offspring through prenatal programming. Prenatal programming most commonly occurs through epigenetic mechanisms and can be dependent on the type and timing of exposure as well as the sex of the fetus. In this review, we highlight the most recent evidence that prenatal programming is implicated in the development of psychiatric disorders in offspring exposed to maternal stress during pregnancy. Methodological differences between studies contribute to unavoidable heterogeneity in study findings. Current data suggest that fetal exposure to maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation, excessive glucocorticoids, and inflammation with resulting epigenetic changes at both the placental and fetal levels are important areas of continued investigation.

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Authors: Kim, D. R., Bale, T. L., & Epperson, C. N.
Affiliations: University of Pennsylvania (US)
Corresponding author: Kim, Deborah R.
ORCID: Bale, Tracy L.
Epperson, C. Neill
Venue: Current Psychiatry Reports
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2015-01-24
Volume: 17
Issue: 2
Pages: 5-5
ISSN: 1523-3812 (ISSN-L)
1535-1645
DOI: 10.1007/s11920-014-0546-9
PMC: PMC4458064
OpenAlex: W2073798115
Cited by: 203
References: 105
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 6
FWCI: 3.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Current Psychiatry Reports (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Pfizer
National Institutes of Health (5r01mh091258-05)
National Institute of Mental Health (P50MH099910, MH087597, MH 091258, R01MH073030, K23MH092399, MH 073030, R01 MH-091258, MH09910, R01MH087597)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (K24DA030301)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords: prenatal programming, maternal stress, mental illness, epigenetics, fetal programming, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, glucocorticoids, placental inflammation, fetal inflammation, birth weight, Barker hypothesis, offspring development
MeSH terms: Animals, Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Sex Factors, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological

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