The DOI matches its Crossref record; 105 of the 105 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Prenatal Programming of Mental Illness: Current Understanding of Relationship and Mechanisms
Open accessAbstract
The British epidemiologist Dr. David J. Barker documented the relationship between infant birth weight and later onset of hypertension, coronary heart disease, insulin resistance, and type II diabetes. A stressful in utero environment can cause long-term consequences for offspring through prenatal programming. Prenatal programming most commonly occurs through epigenetic mechanisms and can be dependent on the type and timing of exposure as well as the sex of the fetus. In this review, we highlight the most recent evidence that prenatal programming is implicated in the development of psychiatric disorders in offspring exposed to maternal stress during pregnancy. Methodological differences between studies contribute to unavoidable heterogeneity in study findings. Current data suggest that fetal exposure to maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation, excessive glucocorticoids, and inflammation with resulting epigenetic changes at both the placental and fetal levels are important areas of continued investigation.
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“untreated maternal depression can have deleterious effects.10”
From Pregnancy and the Acceptability of Computer-Based Versus Traditional Mental Health Treatments (2017) · cites this paper as [10]
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“The prenatal period is critically important in the development and long-term health of the offspring”
From Pregnancy and the Acceptability of Computer-Based Versus Traditional Mental Health Treatments (2017) · cites this paper as [10]
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Cites
Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999-2010.
Flegal, K., Carroll, M., Kit, B., & Ogden, C. (2012) · Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.39 · Cited by 5,523
WEIGHT IN INFANCY AND DEATH FROM ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE
Barker, D. J. P., Osmond, C., Winter, P. D., Margetts, B., & Simmonds, S. J. (1989) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90710-1 · Cited by 3,574
Fetal origins of coronary heart disease
Barker, D. J. P. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.311.6998.171 · Cited by 3,570
Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: the thrifty phenotype hypothesis
Hales, C. N., & Barker, D. J. P. (1992) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00400248 · Cited by 3,294
The origins of the developmental origins theory
Barker, D. J. P. (2007) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01809.x · Cited by 2,955
The fetal and infant origins of adult disease.
Barker, D. J. (1990) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.301.6761.1111 · Cited by 2,768
The thrifty phenotype hypothesis
Hales, C. N., & Barker, D. J. (2001) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/60.1.5 · Cited by 2,722
Goodman, S. H., & Gotlib, I. H. (1999) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.3.458 · Cited by 2,493
The environment and schizophrenia
van Os, J., Kenis, G., & Rutten, B. P. F. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09563 · Cited by 1,572
Calvert, H., Horwich, A., Newlands, E. S., Beǵent, R. H. J., Rustin, G. J. S., Kaye, S. B., Harris, A. L., Williams, C. J., & Slevin, M. L. (1988) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(88)92709-2 · Cited by 1,183
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Duff, A. F., & Bailey, M. T. (2026) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2026.1813467
Kraft, B., MacSweeney, N., Page, C. M., Lyle, R., Tsotsi, S., Ulset, V. S., Chen, C., Tamnes, C. K., Czajkowski, N. O., Dissen, I. A. Ø., et al. (2026) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291726105431
Metadata
- Authors
- Kim, D. R., Bale, T. L., & Epperson, C. N.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kim, Deborah R.
- Venue
- Current Psychiatry Reports
- Published
- 2015-01-24
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 5-5
- ISSN
- 1523-3812 (ISSN-L)
- 1535-1645
- PMC
- PMC4458064
- OpenAlex
- W2073798115
- Cited by
- 203
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 3.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Current Psychiatry Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Pfizer
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh091258-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (P50MH099910, MH087597, MH 091258, R01MH073030, K23MH092399, MH 073030, R01 MH-091258, MH09910, R01MH087597)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K24DA030301)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- prenatal programming, maternal stress, mental illness, epigenetics, fetal programming, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, glucocorticoids, placental inflammation, fetal inflammation, birth weight, Barker hypothesis, offspring development
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Sex Factors, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological
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