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Disparities in Health Care and the Digital Divide
Open accessAbstract
Purpose of review Disparities in health outcomes are a well documented and worrisome part of our health care system. These disparities persist in spite of, and are occasionally exacerbated by, new technologies that are intended to improve health care. This results in a "digital divide" in which populations that have poorer health outcomes continue to have poorer health outcomes despite technological improvements.Recent findings In many ways, the digitical divide is already shrinking via improved access to internet and technology/process improvements. For example, people with schizophrenia, PTSD, and bipolar disorder have had their care successfully augmented by new technology. However, problems persist- being impoverished, female, and black all correlate with decreased probability of completing a telehealth visit, and millions of americans have insufficient internet access to complete telehealth visits. We must continue to utilize new technology in health care to improve outcomes, but we must also be wary to ensure those outcomes are equitable across different populations.
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“In 2013, a mobile medical app (WellDoc's BlueStar Rx) was cleared by the FDA as a prescription digital therapeutic (PDT) to support the management of type 2 diabetes by analyzing patient data, formulating personalized guidance, and summarizing data analytics to the healthcare team for clinical decision support.56”
From Digital health technologies and major depressive disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [56]
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Khan, M. H., Patel, B., Raza, M., Saji, A. S., Ahsan, A., Singh, P. K., Singh, A. K., & Akbar, A. (2026) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.72479 · Cited by 2
“While there is a dedicated emphasis on promoting global access to advances in digital health, disparities in accessing healthcare information and professionals create a “digital divide” for un-derprivileged areas [5–7].”
Nakornnoi, T., Wimonchaijit, J., Chintavalakorn, R., & Sipiyaruk, K. (2026) · JMIR Medical Education · doi:10.2196/85634 · Cited by 1
Wakili, A., & Bakkali, S. (2026) · Array · doi:10.1016/j.array.2026.100912 · Cited by 1
Automated Waitlists for Ambulatory Appointment Scheduling: Multisite, Mixed Methods Evaluation
Woodcock, E. W., Profeta, C., & Siegel, M. (2026) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/90091 · Cited by 1
“There is evidence of a digital divide among patients [65-67].”
Lin, F., Zhi, P., Ouyang, Y., Wang, X. J., Wen, B., & Huang, Y. C. (2026) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2026.2689041 · Cited by 1
Tikhute, V. R., Fatokun, B. S., Sarpong, A. A., Gawai, P., & Adaka, O. A. (2026) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2026.2698878 · Cited by 1
'Intel Acat' Assistive Platform for Arabic Speaking Disabled People: a Complete Integration.
Nadji, A. Z., & Boudour, R. (2022) · PubMed Central · doi:10.5455/medarh.2022.76.140-145 · Cited by 1
“This is owing to the global growth in chronic health diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mental health disorders, as well as the aging population’s increased risk of incapacity (2).”
BackgroundInfluentialPătru, L., Birchi, F.-A., & Patru, C. (2023) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics12081796 · Cited by 2
(2022) · International Journal of Bio-Medical Informatics and e-Health · doi:10.30534/ijbmieh/2022/151062022 · Cited by 1
Mazumdar, D., & Bhattacharjee, M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-4405-7_16 · Cited by 1
Digital Divide: Ursachenforschung Chancengleichheit
Kreyenschulte, T. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-41781-9_10 · Cited by 1
Improving Digital Equality: The Potential of Data-Free Super Applications
Petersen, F. (2024) · IST-Africa Conference (IST-Africa) · doi:10.23919/ist-africa63983.2024.10569219 · Cited by 1
“Although it is everyone's fundamental right to receive high-quality healthcare, many communities struggle to meet their needs because of inadequate infrastructure and resources [32].”
BackgroundThe Genetic Diagnostics of Hemochromatosis: Disparities in Low- Versus High-Income Countries
Nogueyra, S. V., Rodríguez, M. F. T., Oliva, M. L., Vidal-Gallardo, A., Leal, A. R., Hernandez, J. B., Vargas-Beltran, A. M., Sandoval, J. D. G., Escamilla, D. A., & Ramirez, M. M. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.64074 · Cited by 1
“Addressing these disparities ensures that all populations, regardless of geographic location or economic status, have access to necessary healthcare services, promoting health equity and enhancing global health security [29-32].”
BackgroundIdentifying Bias in Data Collection: A Case Study on Drugs Distribution
Sessa, C., Gallese, C., Schettini, F., Bellavia, D., Asperti, F., & Falletti, E. (2024) · International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn60899.2024.10650972 · Cited by 1
“Healthcare disparities reflected in the data contribute to the creation of a “digital divide” , resulting in a scenario in which digital advances are not enough to guarantee an improvement in healthcare outcomes [72].”
BackgroundHealth Disparities, Equity, and Social Justice
Mpofu, E. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-0821-5_17-1 · Cited by 2
Preprocessing and Integration of Reproductive Health Data
Bharadwaj, K., Jambunath, Y. S., Patil, K. D., Babu, T. J. R., & Bhargav, D. B. S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-7451-7_3 · Cited by 2
Williams, P., Campbell, S., Gildner, T. E., Geisel-Zamora, S., & Thayer, Z. M. (2025) · BMJ Public Health · doi:10.1136/bmjph-2024-001017 · Cited by 1
“41 The benefits of parental leave for both birthing parents and newborns, combined with the high prevalence of playing with children as a stress management mechanism reported in the present study, suggest that policy changes supporting longer leaves may improve the physical and mental health of…”
Okun, M. L., Payne, J. L., Osborne, L. M., Feliciano, L., & Lac, A. (2025) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/66439 · Cited by 1
“Another limitation is that the study requires participants to have access to the internet; therefore, individuals of low socioeconomic status and certain racial/ethnic groups may potentially be excluded from the study [102].”
Natividad, M., Chávez, M. E., Balagué, A., Paolini, J. P., Picó, P., Hernández, R., Dalmau, N., Rial, E., Salvador, M., Izquierdo, E., et al. (2025) · Women · doi:10.3390/women5020013 · Cited by 1
“Aspects for discussion include access to the Internet and technology or process improvements to reduce health inequalities due to the digital divide [76].”
Talal, A. H., Dharia, A., Markatou, M., Brown, L. S., Bossert, K. E., Grubbs, Z., Mukhopadhyay, R., Ntiri‐Reid, B., & Houtsmuller, E. J. (2025) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/68854 · Cited by 1
“Furthermore, people with OUD suffer from a digital divide, defined as the unequal access to digital technology, internet provision, and gaps in digital literacy [8].”
Technologies in the Classroom: Catalysts for Change and Potential Obstacles
Uribe, J. C. M., Chirinos, H. L. H., Astocondor, C., & Polo, A. (2025) · Education Journal · doi:10.11648/j.edu.20251403.13 · Cited by 1
Health Care and Health Information Access by Parents With Young Children in Regional Queensland
McCosker, C., Beccaria, G., Beccaria, L., & Machin, T. M. (2025) · Australian Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/ajr.70060 · Cited by 1
“Conversely, concern has been expressed that poorer access to internet services and inadequate internet skills could create a ‘digital divide’ contributing to further inequities [8–10].”
Molino, A. R., Debra Revere, A., Hills, R. A., Elder, A. S., West, L. M., Karras, B. T., Baumgartner, C., & Baseman, J. G. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/66550 · Cited by 1
“The digital health divide is shaped by individual and intersecting social determinants—such as poverty, lower health and digital literacy, lack of motivation to use new technology, and limited access—that also contribute to broader health disparities [64].”
Development of a 24-hour movement index: exploring acceptability among Canadian parents
Zhan, J. K., Khan, K. M., Tremblay, M. S., & Faulkner, G. (2025) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2025.1571207 · Cited by 1
Al‐Yaseen, W., Ashtiani, G. H., Pattinson, R., Pritchard, M., Pickles, T., Galloway, J., & Innes, N. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-104769 · Cited by 1
Recent Advances in Spine Surgery- Pros and Cons
Vatkar, A. J., Shinde, S., Kale, S., & Bhor, P. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics · doi:10.13107/jcorth.2023.v08i02.596 · Cited by 1
“The global inequality in access to new medical technology such as VR and AR, particularly in low-income countries, further impedes their general adoption [22].”
BackgroundTelehealth: An Avenue for Expanding Access to Specialist Palliative Care
Ogunseitan, A., & Smith, M. (2022) · The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety · doi:10.1016/j.jcjq.2022.09.002 · Cited by 1
Adomako, N. O., Nti, K. O., Chepkorir, J., Asante, K. A., Ali, I. D., Ofori, N., Agordekpe, E. E. A., Chen, Y., Miller, H., & Himmelfarb, C. D. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.11.24.25340934 · Cited by 1
Patel, S. P., Sun, E., Reinhardt, A., Geevarghese, S., He, S., & Gazmararian, J. A. (2022) · doi:10.2196/preprints.39647
Metadata
- Authors
- Saeed, S. A., & Masters, R. M.
- Affiliations
- East Carolina University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Saeed, Sy Atezaz
- ORCID
- Saeed, Sy Atezaz
- Venue
- Current Psychiatry Reports
- Published
- 2021-07-23
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 61-61
- ISSN
- 1523-3812 (ISSN-L)
- 1535-1645
- PMC
- PMC8300069
- OpenAlex
- W3185220037
- Cited by
- 578
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 131 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 149 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 37.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Psychiatry Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Literacy and Information Accessibility
- Keywords
- health care disparities, digital divide, telemedicine, internet access, health equity, schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, socioeconomic status, racial disparities, gender disparities, health technology
- MeSH terms
- Black or African American, Female, Humans, Telemedicine, Internet, Healthcare Disparities, Digital Divide
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