Cited by 579Health disparities and outcomesTelemedicine and Telehealth ImplementationHealth Literacy and Information Accessibility

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Disparities in Health Care and the Digital Divide

Open access

Saeed, Sy Atezaz, Masters, Ross MacRae·2021·Current Psychiatry Reports

DOI 10.1007/s11920-021-01274-4PMC PMC8300069

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Purpose of review Disparities in health outcomes are a well documented and worrisome part of our health care system. These disparities persist in spite of, and are occasionally exacerbated by, new technologies that are intended to improve health care. This results in a "digital divide" in which populations that have poorer health outcomes continue to have poorer health outcomes despite technological improvements.Recent findings In many ways, the digitical divide is already shrinking via improved access to internet and technology/process improvements. For example, people with schizophrenia, PTSD, and bipolar disorder have had their care successfully augmented by new technology. However, problems persist- being impoverished, female, and black all correlate with decreased probability of completing a telehealth visit, and millions of americans have insufficient internet access to complete telehealth visits. We must continue to utilize new technology in health care to improve outcomes, but we must also be wary to ensure those outcomes are equitable across different populations.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s11920-021-01274-4

Cites

21 of 21 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century
Baker, A. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7322.1192 · Cited by 10,779
Systematic Review: Impact of Health Information Technology on Quality, Efficiency, and Costs of Medical Care
Chaudhry, B., Wang, J., Wu, S., Maglione, M., Mojica, W., Roth, E., Morton, S. C., & Shekelle, P. G. (2006) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-144-10-200605160-00125 · Cited by 3,159
Inequality in Quality
Fiscella, K. A., Franks, P. J., Gold, M. R., & Clancy, C. M. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.283.19.2579 · Cited by 1,219
Type 2 diabetes incidence and socio-economic position: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Agardh, E. E., Allebeck, P., Hallqvist, J., Moradi, T., & Sidorchuk, A. (2011) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyr029 · Cited by 1,113
Gender imbalance in medical imaging datasets produces biased classifiers for computer-aided diagnosis
Larrazabal, A. J., Nieto, N., Peterson, V., Milone, D. H., & Ferrante, E. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1919012117 · Cited by 685 · cited 2×
“Agostina and colleagues make the case that databases that are skewed toward one gender significantly over another are worse at diagnosing disease in the under represented population [22 (cid:129) ].”
Background
Designing and evaluating interventions to eliminate racial and ethnic disparities in health care
Cooper, L. A., Hill, M. N., & Powe, N. R. (2002) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.10633.x · Cited by 370
Social determinants of health and adverse maternal and birth outcomes in adolescent pregnancies: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Amjad, S., MacDonald, I., Chambers, T., Osornio-Vargas, Á. R., Chandra, S., Voaklander, D. C., & Ospina, M. B. (2018) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/ppe.12529 · Cited by 261
Telemedicine Outpatient Cardiovascular Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Eberly, L. A., Khatana, S. A. M., Nathan, A. S., Snider, C. K., Julien, H. M., Deleener, M. E., & Adusumalli, S. (2020) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.120.048185 · Cited by 243
Applying the Electronic Health Literacy Lens: Systematic Review of Electronic Health Interventions Targeted at Socially Disadvantaged Groups
Cheng, C. C., Beauchamp, A., Elsworth, G. R., & Osborne, R. H. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/18476 · Cited by 219
Bridging the Digital Divide in Health Care: The Role of Health Information Technology in Addressing Racial and Ethnic Disparities
López, L., Green, A. R., Tan‐McGrory, A., King, R. K., & Betancourt, J. R. (2011) · The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety · doi:10.1016/s1553-7250(11)37055-9 · Cited by 192

Show all 22 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Institute of Medicine. Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C 2003].

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 579

De la consulta presencial a la teleconsulta: experiencias de profesionales de atención primaria del País Vasco durante la pandemia
Carrillo, M. J., González-Rábago, Y., Miguel, R. G., & Bueno, M. B. (2023) · Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2023.102702 · Cited by 7
Mixed-methods study protocol to identify expectations of people with type 1 diabetes and their caregivers about voice-based digital health solutions to support the management of diabetes distress: the PsyVoice study
Vergara, F. A., Fischer, A., Seuring, T., de Beaufort, C. E., Fagherazzi, G., & Aguayo, G. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068264 · Cited by 8
Demographics and Social Factors Associated With Persistent Nonuse of Video Appointments at a Multisite Health Care Institution: Cross-Sectional Study
Sharma, P., Kamath, C. C., Brockman, T. A., Roche, A. I., Sinicrope, P. S., Jiang, R., Decker, P. A., Pazdernik, V., & Patten, C. A. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/50572 · Cited by 6
“Studies show that individuals who could not adapt to digital health care delivery have faced significant health care access barriers during and since the pandemic [7].”
Background
Who uses connected health technologies after a cancer diagnosis? evidence from the US Health Information National Trends Survey
Gitonga, I., Desmond, D. M., & Maguire, R. (2024) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-024-01615-1 · Cited by 6
“This suggests that, although CHT usage and adoption is on the rise, a digital divide still persists and this could potentially worsen health disparities [27], implying that certain individuals may be “digitally disconnected” and therefore unable to use CHT for their heath needs [35, 36].”
Exploring the Qualitative Experiences of Administering and Participating in Remote Research via Telephone Using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Blind: Cross-Sectional Study of Older Adults
Dumassais, S., Grewal, K. S., Aubin, G., O’Connell, M. E., Phillips, N. A., & Wittich, W. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/58537 · Cited by 5
“For example, a digital divide (ie, availability of technology, internet connections, or digital knowledge [15]) can prevent access [16] and has been associated with additional psychological barriers for people attempting to engage with technologies, such as apprehension or anxiety [17].”
Patient Adoption of Digital Use Cases in Family Medicine and a Nuanced Implementation Approach for Family Doctors: Quantitative Web-Based Survey Study
Beerbaum, J., Robens, S., Fehring, L., Mortsiefer, A., & Meister, S. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/58867 · Cited by 5
“The vital role of digital literacy in technology acceptance is in line with research that postulates a digital divide of patient groups in engaging in digital use cases [65].”
Practice Patterns in Surgical Neuro-Oncology Among Low- and Middle-Income Countries During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Scoping Review and Situational Report from the Philippines
Pascual, J. S. G., Ignacio, K. H. D., Castillo, M., & Khu, K. J. O. (2021) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2021.12.020 · Cited by 5
“resources, digital infrastructure, and Internet speed.(50,51) This limitation was reported in 1 study,(24) whereas the others were able to adopt the use of telemedicine for outpatient consults”
Background
The Impact of Outpatient Prenatal Care Visitor Restrictions on Pregnant Patients and Partners During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Collart, C., Craighead, C., Rose, S. L., Frankel, R. M., Edmonds, B. T., Perni, U. C., Chien, E. K., Coleridge, M. B., Ranzini, A. C., & Farrell, R. M. (2022) · Women s Health Reports · doi:10.1089/whr.2022.0031 · Cited by 5
Digital inequality and directions for overcoming it in the context of human capital development
Troyan, I., Kravchenko, L. А., & Григорьевна, Г. Е. (2023) · Народонаселение · doi:10.19181/population.2023.26.2.10 · Cited by 5
Alzheimer’s in the modern age: Ethical challenges in the use of digital monitoring to identify cognitive changes
Erickson, C. M., Wexler, A., & Largent, E. A. (2023) · Informatics for Health and Social Care · doi:10.1080/17538157.2023.2294203 · Cited by 6
“59,60 For example, older adults, especially adults from minoritized communities or living in rural areas, may not have smart devices.”
Background
Can Translational Social Neuroscience Research Offer Insights to Mitigate Structural Racism in the United States?
Singh, M. K., Nimarko, A. F., Bruno, J. L., Anand, K. J. S., & Singh, S. P. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.05.005 · Cited by 5
The use of asynchronous digital two-way communication between patients and healthcare professionals after hospital discharge: A scoping review
Jensen, L. W. H., Ghaffari, A., Rahbek, O., Dinesen, B., & Kold, S. (2024) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2024.108393 · Cited by 4
Self-Sovereign Patient as a Cornerstone of Healthcare 4.0
Chaffer, T., Joe Littlejohn, M., Arun Nadarasa, M., & Claudia Lamschtein, M. (2025) · Blockchain in Healthcare Today · doi:10.30953/bhty.v8.414 · Cited by 5
“Indeed, realizing this vision must begin with acknowledging the digital divide as a foundational barrier 32 It would not be prudent to assume universal access to smartphones, broadband internet, and IoMT-enabled devices as such infrastructure and affordability remain unevenly distributed across…”
Social Determinants of Genetics Referral and Completion Rates Among Child Neurology Patients
Cole, J. J., Sellitto, A. D., Baratta, L. R., Huecker, J. B., Balls‐Berry, J. E., & Gurnett, C. A. (2023) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2025.01.018 · Cited by 9
Identifying Barriers to Being Offered and Accepting a Telehealth Visit for Cancer Care: Unpacking the Multi‐Levels of Documented Racial Disparities in Telehealth Use
Dunn, M. R., Fridman, I., Kinlaw, A. C., Neslund-Dudas, C. M., Tam, S. H., & Lafata, J. E. (2025) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.14461 · Cited by 4
“Furthermore, such associations are consistent with a well-documented ‘digital divide’ in the United States, characterized by community-level differences in broad-band accessibility and infrastructure [41].”
Assessing Equitable Implementation of a Social Care Initiative Integrating Medical and Social Services for Medicaid Members
Safaeinili, N., Chuang, E., Hernandez, E. A., Esteban, E. E., Fleming, M. D., Ramanadhan, S., & Brewster, A. L. (2025) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.14603 · Cited by 4
“…of case management initiatives are needed to combat the exacerbation of health inequities by administrative barriers to service access, racism and discrimination against historically marginalized communities, and insufficient supply of affordable housing and efficient public transportation [64–67].”
Parent-focused interventions delivered in the inpatient child and adolescent psychiatry setting: A scoping review
Hsiung, K. S., Geelan, K., Trapani, K. B., Walden, R. L., Ebert, J. S., & Bettis, A. H. (2025) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045251343922 · Cited by 5
“Use of technology-based interventions is further restricted to those who have internet access and know how to use it, which might disproportionately exclude disadvantaged populations (Fortuna, 2022; Saeed & Masters, 2021).”
Associations Among Digital Health Literacy, Lifestyle Factors, and Cardiovascular Health in Black and Hispanic Communities: Cross-Sectional Study
Chepkorir, J., Olawole, W., Miller, H., Adomako, N. O., Andrade, E. L., Cain, G. E., Baptiste, D., Ogungbe, O., Mullins, C. D., Clark, R., et al. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/60654 · Cited by 4
“Conversely, limited DHL can impede timely health care access, reduce treatment adherence, and exacerbate existing health inequities [16].”
Benchmarking large language models against clinicians across hospital levels in cardiovascular decision-making: a cross-sectional vignette-based study
Zhang, Z., Ma, Y., Xiao, Y., Dai, Y., Lin, Q., Лю, Ч., Wang, C., Tu, T., & Liu, Q. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-32602-w · Cited by 5
“Without coordinated policy support, LLMs may preferentially benefit well-funded tertiary centers with stronger digital infrastructure, thereby widening existing disparities 15 .”
The Economic Impact of Digital Health Innovations on Disease Prevention
Abdulwahab, L. O., Daniel, O., Gul, A., & Umar, H. B. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-3531-5.ch002 · Cited by 4
Telehealth Uptake Among Hispanic People During COVID-19: Retrospective Observational Study
Shang, D., Williams, C., & Culiqi, H. (2024) · JMIR Medical Informatics · doi:10.2196/57717 · Cited by 4
“Having access to a primary care physician provides an avenue to get telehealth services; therefore, we can reasonably speculate that people who have access to in-person health care will have access to telehealth [16,24].”
Real concerns, artificial intelligence: Reality testing for psychiatrists
Dube, A. R., Ambrose, A. J. H., Velez, G. E., & Jadhav, M. (2024) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2024.2363374 · Cited by 5
“Improved access to the internet and related health technology is crucial, but the uneven implementation and availability of these resources perpetuates the digital divide (Saeed & Masters, 2021).”
Acceptability of Teleconsultation Services for HIV Care in Nigeria: A Mixed Methods Study
Iliyasu, B. Z., Iliyasu, Z., Kwaku, A. A., Sani, A., Nass, N. S., Amole, T. G., Abdullahi, H. M., Abdullahi, A. U., Tsiga-Ahmed, F. I., Jibo, A. M., et al. (2024) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2024.0196 · Cited by 4
“48,49 Likewise, the emergence of digital habits, particularly regular internet use as a strong predictor, emphasizes the importance of digital literacy and engagement.”
Making it work for all: equity in single ventricle monitoring
Sooy-Mossey, M., Tallent, S. L., Hornik, C. P. V., Park, S. A., Schmelzer, A. C., Reynolds, L. M., & McCrary, A. W. (2024) · Cardiology in the Young · doi:10.1017/s1047951124026908 · Cited by 4
“17 When looking at mobile health monitoring, one study showed that while there were disparities in infant weight gain during the interstage period based on neighbourhood social vulnerability index, a neighbourhood level measure.”
Using iVR to deliver optimal psychotherapy experience—current perspectives on VRET for acrophobia
Varšová, K. K., & Juřík, V. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1491622 · Cited by 6
Virtual Data Collection Strategies in Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias (ADRD)
Kim, J. E., Knox, M. L., Grill, J. D., Witbracht, M. G., Zhang, Y., Salazar, H., Garrett, M., Russ, E., Medina, M., & Lingler, J. H. (2025) · Innovation in Aging · doi:10.1093/geroni/igaf026 · Cited by 4
“…divide” persists among older adults who lack access to technology or experience with it, particularly those with lower incomes, an increasing number of Americans are quickly adapting to these innovations (Pew Research Center, 2024; Saeed & Masters, 2021; Vogels, 2021; Zapletal et al., 2023).”
Telehealth Usage Disparities in Israel in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Retrospective Cohort Study of Intersectional Sociodemographic Patterns and Health Equity Implications
Haimi, M., Shadmi, E., Hornik‐Lurie, T., & Sperling, D. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/77600 · Cited by 5
“Saeed et al [88] identified reliable internet connectivity as a critical prerequisite for telehealth equity, while Patel et al [73] noted that broadband access varies substantially across communities even within the same geographical region.”
Patient Receptivity to Integration of Telehealth in Pelvic Floor Physical Therapy Regimens
Zoorob, D. G., Yunghans, S., Methenitis, A., Garcia, E., ElShariaha, R., & Wahl, H. N. (2023) · Urogynecology · doi:10.1097/spv.0000000000001294 · Cited by 5
Education and income disparities associated with online health information seeking behavior: Using an approach of the knowledge-gap theory
Chang, W.-L., Lee, Y., Lin, Y.-F., & Shelley, M. (2024) · International Journal of Healthcare Management · doi:10.1080/20479700.2024.2312633 · Cited by 4
“Studies have shown that there is a signi ﬁ cant inequality in Internet use among di ﬀ erent demographic, geographic, and socioeconomic groups in terms of accessing and using the Internet [14,15].”
Evaluation of a pilot implementation of a digital cognitive behavioral therapy platform for isolated older adults in county mental health services
Hernandez-Ramos, R., Schueller, S. M., Borghouts, J., Palomares, K., Eikey, E., Schneider, M. L., Stadnick, N., Zheng, K., Mukamel, D. B., & Sorkin, D. H. (2024) · Implementation Research and Practice · doi:10.1177/26334895241288571 · Cited by 5
“This is crucial given that this population is typically not included in studies of TESs, less likely to receive mental health services, and common in publicly funded service settings (Saeed & Masters, 2021; SAMHSA, 2020).”
Patient Preferences for Telemental Health Care in a Federally Qualified Health Center
Emery, R. L., Blaszkowsky, C., Jacobs, A., Rogers, P., & Wang, G. (2024) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2024.0458 · Cited by 4
Considerations for equitable distribution of digital healthcare for people who use drugs
Papalamprakopoulou, Z., Roussos, S., Ntagianta, E., Triantafyllou, V., Kalamitsis, G., Dharia, A., Sypsa, V., Hatzakis, A. E., & Talal, A. H. (2025) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-025-12619-7 · Cited by 4
“The digital divide refers to persisting health-care disparities in digital healthcare access due largely to the influence of social determinants of health [17].”
Advancing Decentralized and Pragmatic Clinical Trials as a Path Toward Improved Representativeness and Greater Generalizability of Clinical Trial Evidence
Marra, C., Chaiyachati, K. H., Washington, V., & Abernethy, A. P. (2025) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2025.07.010 · Cited by 4
Changes in Clinical Management of Patients with Schizophrenia Treated with Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics (LAIs), Including Telepsychiatry Use, During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Haider, B. A., O’Sullivan, A. K., Bessonova, L., Keane, E., Achtyes, E. D., Harvey, P. D., Kane, J. M., Saklad, S. R., Trotter, J. P., Claxton, A., et al. (2023) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s394220 · Cited by 4
Eliciting perspectives on remote healthcare delivery from service users with psychosis in the community: a cross-sectional survey study
Kuhn, R., Abdel-Halim, N., Healey, P., Bird, V. J., Elliot, K., & McNamee, P. (2024) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2024.1304456 · Cited by 4
Education towards Equality: A Review of the Contribution of Distance Learning Technology in Expanding Access and Promoting Social Equality
Priyanto, D. (2024) · Technology and Society Perspectives (TACIT) · doi:10.61100/tacit.v2i1.139 · Cited by 4
“Some studies indicate that despite increased access to technology, disparities in utilization and benefits still persist (Saeed & Masters, 2021).”
Background
Predictors and Correlates of Depression and Anxiety Symptom Trajectories in a Large Digital Mental Health Provider: Retrospective Analysis of Data From Rula Health
McAlister, K. L., Baez, L., Newton, D., Seiniger, S., Pearlman, A., Woodhouse, A., & Huberty, J. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/75750 · Cited by 2
“Minority groups often enter treatment with greater distress due to systemic barriers to care, which may contribute to a steeper initial recovery trajectory once treatment begins [58-60].”
Construction and practice of a novel pharmaceutical health literacy intervention model in psychiatric hospital
Qiu, L., Li, J., Xie, W., Wang, F., Shen, Y., & Wu, J. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0311841 · Cited by 3
The association of social deprivation index and contraception care in a statewide contraceptive access initiative
Bernard, C., Edmonds, B. T., Kean, K. P., Evans, R., Bhamidipalli, S. S., Tong, Y., Brown, S. A., Fernandez, M., Wendholt, K., Peipert, J. F., et al. (2025) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2025.110833 · Cited by 3
Social Determinants and Health Equity Activities: Are They Connected with the Adaptation of AI and Telehealth Services in the U.S. Hospitals?
Pinera, P. A., Kim, P. C., Pinera, F. A., & Shen, J. J. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22020294 · Cited by 5
“Despite these innovative solutions, certain hospitals still lag in the adoption of telehealth and AI, creating barriers to healthcare service delivery and exacerbating existing health disparities [15,16].”
The effectiveness of emergency medicine follow-up in attaining closed loop communication and downstream follow-up
Fradinho, J., Cadman, M., Burke, R. C., Blodgett, M., Wolfe, R. E., Carr, J., & Grossman, S. A. (2025) · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2025.04.020 · Cited by 3
Being Close, for Better or Worse: Nursing Staff’s Experiences of Caring for Patients with Dual Diagnosis in Rural Areas
Molin, J., Paulsson, C., Nystedt, B., & Antonsson, H. (2025) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2025.2516070 · Cited by 3
“Yet patients’ health conditions and socioeconomic situations may limit their access to both digital solutions and face-to-face meetings in rural areas (Saeed & Masters, 2021).”
Distribution of pharmacy deserts and its association with digital divide and residential redlining across the United States
Catalano, G., Woldesenbet, S., & Pawlik, T. M. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0330027 · Cited by 4
“Even though telephar-macy technologies have been proposed as a potential replacement for physical pharmacies, their implementation may be hindered in regions where access to digital technologies and internet services is still limited [27].”
Surgeon-patient Communication Using the Electronic Portal: Effect on Postoperative Outcomes and Patient-reported Outcome Measures Following Total Knee Arthroplasty
Alpert, Z., Habibi, A. A., Ward, S. A., Kennedy, M. F., Meftah, M., Cohen-Rosenblum, A. R., Schwarzkopf, R. M., & Rozell, J. C. (2025) · Orthopedics · doi:10.3928/01477447-20250929-01 · Cited by 3
A symptom network and latent profile analysis of depression in Chinese older adults: Examining the roles of loneliness and digital exclusion
Su, L., Zhang, F., Jin, Y., & Yuan, J. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120531 · Cited by 3
Exploring generational and educational disparities in online health information seeking in China: The moderating role of internet use
Zhao, L., & Liu, T. (2025) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076251393378 · Cited by 3
“39,40 The ﬁ rst dimension is the access-related digital divide, which encompasses structural barriers such as inadequate connectivity, scarcity of electronic devices, diminished motivation for online engagement, and associated factors.”
Perceived clinical and ethical impact of digital transformation in healthcare and research: A survey in the MENA region
Hasan, H. E., Alzoubi, K. H., Khabour, O. F., Al‐Delaimy, W. K., & Goodman, K. W. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0336618 · Cited by 4
Knowledge, perceived benefits, perceived concerns, and predisposition to use telehealth services in Mogadishu, Somalia: A cross-sectional survey
Ahmed, M. M., Othman, Z. K., Sani, J., Mohamed, A. A., Ali, A. N., Aray, A. M., Mohamed, M. Y., Hassan, M. M., Okesanya, O. J., Lucero‐Prisno, D. E., et al. (2025) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076251406298 · Cited by 3
“25,26 These gaps highlight the need for inclusive digital literacy strategies that reach individuals who would bene ﬁ t the most from remote care but know the least about it.”
Digital inclusion – invisible work and grey zones for nurses, acting as frontline workers
Moe, C., & Skaarup, S. (2026) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-026-14040-0 · Cited by 3
“Our study also shows how this help is driven by two main factors: by the challenges and by needs of the citizens (as documented by several studies such as [22–25,”
Digital access and health outcomes: The moderating role of socioeconomic status in health information seeking
Cai, Y. (2026) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076261427777 · Cited by 5
“38,44,48,51,52 Rather than serving as an equalizing force, digital health resources differentially bene ﬁ t those already advantaged, raising critical questions about whether and how digital access translates into health improvements across diverse socioeconomic contexts.”
Telehealth as an Effective Care Delivery Method During the COVID-19 Pandemic for the Rhode Island Behavioral Health Population
Flowers, D., Goodspeed, E., & Daly, M. M. (2023) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-023-01187-x · Cited by 3
“( Saeed & Masters, 2021 ; Weigel et al., 2020; Velasquez & Mehrota, 2020 ; Ramsetty & Adams, 2020 ).”
Can mobile-health applications contribute to long-term increase in physical activity after medical rehabilitation?–A pilot-study
Borst, F., Reuss-Borst, M. A., Boschmann, J., & Schwarz, P. E. H. (2023) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000359 · Cited by 3
Improving Behavioral Health Care in the Military Health System: Challenges, Promising Strategies, and Research Directions
Hepner, K. A., Roth, C. P., Qureshi, N., & Sousa, J. (2023) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/pea2038-1 · Cited by 5
Healthcare workers’ perspectives on a prescription phone program to meet the health equity needs of patients in the emergency department: a qualitative study
Hodwitz, K., Ginocchio, G. F., Fedorovsky, T., Girdler, H., Bossin, B., Juandó‐Prats, C., Dell, E. M., Somers, A., & Hulme, J. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s43678-024-00735-y · Cited by 3
“This “digital divide” has resulted in disadvantaged populations facing heightened barriers to healthcare and poorer health outcomes [18].”
Background
Disparities and Medical Expenditure Implications in Pediatric Tele-Mental Health Services During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Mississippi
Zhang, Y., Lal, L. S., Lin, Y.-Y., Swint, J. M., Zhang, Y., Summers, R. L., Jones, B. F., Chandra, S., & Ladner, M. E. (2024) · The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research · doi:10.1007/s11414-024-09906-2 · Cited by 3
“10,11 Furthermore, previous studies indicate that TMH was associated with cost savings among Medicare populations, 10,12 did not significantly affect total healthcare costs among commercially insured populations before COVID-19, 13 but was associated with higher costs among the Mississippi Medicaid…”
Automatic Enrollment in Patient Portal Systems Mitigates the Digital Divide in Healthcare: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis of an Autoenrollment Workflow Intervention
Milanfar, L., Soulsby, W. D., Ling, N., O'Brien, J. P., Oates, A., & McCulloch, C. E. (2024) · Journal of Medical Systems · doi:10.1007/s10916-024-02114-7 · Cited by 6
Understanding inequitable health care: methodological approaches, challenges, and opportunities
Matson, T. E., & Galea, S. (2024) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwae454 · Cited by 3
Scoping Review: A Hybrid Delivery Model of Pain Management
Pervis, B. (2025) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2024.12.013 · Cited by 3
Perspectives of Women of Advanced Maternal Age on Telephonic Genetic Counselling in a South African Public Healthcare Setting
Bayley, S., Malope, M. F., & Laing, N. (2025) · Prenatal Diagnosis · doi:10.1002/pd.6828 · Cited by 3
Brechas digitales y socioeconómicas en la implementación de las TIC en la educación
Acosta, K. S. L., Santome, V. A. A., Vargas, R. S. G., & Uribe, J. C. M. (2025) · Revista Educación · doi:10.51440/unsch.revistaeducacion.2025.26.534 · Cited by 3
COVID-19 and the Vulnerabilities of Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Findings From a Statewide Survey of Home-Delivered Meals Recipients*
Masters, J., Wilkinson, L. R., Kelly, C., McKelvey, M. L., Saidi, L. G., Hill, T., Drozd, D. J., Wu, H., & O’Brien, T. (2022) · Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1177/23337214221086465 · Cited by 3
“Issues related to internet access and speed are of concern to facilitate communication and information sharing as COVID-19 restrictions increased the demand for communication platforms to include videoconferencing to address medical, social, and psychiatric needs (Saeed & Masters, 2021).”
Background
Providing Palliative Care to Patients Throughout the State of Indiana from a Centralized Virtual Palliative Care Hub
Shepard, E. N., Patel, A. V., Countryman, S., Kara, A. Y., & Sinha, S. (2022) · The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety · doi:10.1016/j.jcjq.2022.08.008 · Cited by 3
Moving Beyond the Clinic
Freitag, G. F., Urcuyo, A. E., & Comer, J. S. (2022) · Advances in Psychiatry and Behavioral Health · doi:10.1016/j.ypsc.2022.06.004 · Cited by 3
Electronic medical records and patient engagement: examining post-adoptive and non-adoptive behavior
Altinay, Z. (2023) · Health and Technology · doi:10.1007/s12553-023-00778-8 · Cited by 3
“Looking at the associations with insurance types and non-adoptive behavior, results showed that Medicare insurance holders were 2.25 times more likely to prefer in-person communication compared to individuals without Medicare coverage ( OR = 2.25, 95% CI [1.40, 3.63]).”
BackgroundInfluential
Digital Health Literacy and Social Determinants of Health Affecting Telehealth Use by Athletic Trainers
Patel, S. R., Uriegas, N. A., Armstrong, T. A., Stover, R. M., Games, K. E., & Winkelmann, Z. K. (2024) · Journal of Sport Rehabilitation · doi:10.1123/jsr.2023-0069 · Cited by 3
Restorative Social Justice Through Digital Transformation in South African Metropolitan Cities
Ntanda, A., Carolissen, R., & Adegbaju, F. (2023) · IEEE European Technology and Engineering Management Summit (E-TEMS) · doi:10.1109/e-tems57541.2023.10424566 · Cited by 3
“[9], the city of Ekurhuleni experiences a significant digital divide which may become an instrumental barrier in the implementation of the proposed smart city project.”
Background
Identification of Intervention Characteristics Within Diabetes Prevention Programs Using the Template for Intervention Description and Replication: A Scoping Review
MacPherson, M., Johnston, C., Cranston, K. D., Der, S., Sim, J. A. P., & Jung, M. E. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2024.02.004 · Cited by 3
Building Medication Profiles in the Elderly: a Qualitative Study Based on Medication Information Literacy in a Long-Term Care Facility
Zhou, X., Du, F., Peng, W., Bai, L., Peng, L., & Hou, X. (2024) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s454620 · Cited by 3
“33 Diverse strategies should be implemented to ensure that elderly individuals can effortlessly access the necessary medication information, whether through online platforms, traditional print media, or face-to-face consultations.”
Background
Assessing Telemental Health Uptake and Associated Health Care Resource Implications among Mississippi Medicaid Enrollees with Major Depression
Zhang, Y., Peña, M. T., Lal, L. S., Lin, Y.-Y., Summers, R. L., Chandra, S., & Swint, J. M. (2024) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2024.0112 · Cited by 3
Delivery of Outpatient Cirrhosis Care Through Tele-Visit Is Not Associated With Increased Mortality as Compared With Traditional In-Person Visits
Shenoy, A., Valicevic, A. N., Lin, A., Su, G. L., Saini, S. D., Kim, H. M., & Adams, M. A. (2024) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000002979 · Cited by 3
“Digital literacy and the digital divide are newer social determinants of health that havebeen unmasked further with the implementation of telehealth into daily clinical practice (25,26).”
The impact of Internet use and involvement on residents’ attitudes to healthcare in China: A propensity score matching analysis
Li, X., Zhang, S., & Song, X. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0305664 · Cited by 3
Exploring the Ethical and Legal Aspects of Digital Innovations in Preventive Dentistry
Cristache, C. M., Mihut, T., Vatamanu, O. E. B., & Barbulescu, E. D. (2024) · Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-3872-8.ch005 · Cited by 3
Leadership in federally qualified health centers: examining recruitment and retention in rural Oklahoma
Hamby, C., & Smock, C. (2024) · Leadership in health services · doi:10.1108/lhs-06-2024-0054 · Cited by 3
‘It Cuts Both Ways’: A Qualitative Analysis of Stakeholders' Views on the Emerging and Potential Unintended Consequences of Telehealth in Rural Australia
Osman, S., Churruca, K., Ellis, L. A., & Braithwaite, J. (2024) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.14270 · Cited by 3
Readiness of adults with type 1 diabetes and diabetes caregivers for diabetes distress monitoring using a voice-based digital health solution: insights from the PsyVoice mixed methods study
Vergara, F. A., Pinker, I., Fischer, A., Seuring, T., Tichomirowa, M. A., de Beaufort, C. E., Kamp, S., Fagherazzi, G., & Aguayo, G. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-088424 · Cited by 3
Tracks to tech equity: How high-speed rail bridges the digital divide within cities? Prefecture-level evidence from China
Yuan, H., & Wei, F. (2025) · Socio-Economic Planning Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.seps.2025.102152 · Cited by 3
Harnessing digital health data for suicide prevention and care: A rapid review
Bennett‐Poynter, L., Kundurthi, S., Besa, R., Joyce, D. W., Kormilitzin, A., Shen, N., Sunwoo, J., Szkudlarek, P., Sequiera, L., & Sikstrom, L. (2025) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076241308615 · Cited by 5
“131 This was evidenced by the limited number of studies originating from outside the Global North ( n = 4/70; 6%).”
A Review and Promise of Digital Health Technologies to Promote Global Cardiovascular Health
Park, L. G., Kariuki, J. K., Hendriks, J., Gallagher, R. D., & Burke, L. E. (2025) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1093/eurjcn/zvaf242 · Cited by 3
Characterizing digital access in pediatric urology
Finkelstein, J. B., Rosoff, J. S., Tham, R. L., Perlman, C., & Nelson, C. P. (2023) · Journal of Pediatric Urology · doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2023.04.007 · Cited by 3
Attitudes towards virtual reality usage in exposure treatment: Data from German practitioners and how a demonstration changes them.
Badeja, D., Schier, F., McGinity, M., & Hoyer, J. (2026) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2025.2534978 · Cited by 2
“Thus, like many other internet or mobile interventions, VRET also bears the potential to further increase existing disparities (Ong et al., 2022; Saeed & Masters, 2021), demanding ethically guided implementation efforts to further establish it as a helpful tool in mental health care.”
Patient- and Provider-Level Factors Associated with Patient Portal Usage Among Medicaid Recipients
Adepoju, O. E., Chavez, S., Tavera, G., & Castaneda, A. (2024) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2024.0194 · Cited by 2
Attitudes Toward Using and Willingness to Use a Hypothetical Online Sex Communication Intervention for Parents of Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescents
Owens, C. (2024) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-024-02946-x · Cited by 2
“…higher incomes have greater trust in digital health interventions and have higher digital and health literacy to engage in these digital interventions compared to those with lower incomes (Al-Dhahir et al., 2022; Fareed et al., 2021; Hengst et al., 2023; Lyles et al., 2023; Saeed & Masters, 2021).”
Digital divide: Differences between digital access, preference, and use among parents of pediatric research participants
Smith, L., Shin, C. K. J., Abdi, N., Zhou, C., Brown, J. C. S., Hartford, E. A., Danai, M., & Lion, K. C. (2024) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076241302251 · Cited by 2
Disparities in the expansion of telemedicine in pediatric specialty care through the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond
Hassan, M. A., Fine, J., Doyle, K. E., Byrd, E. A., & Wieck, M. M. (2025) · Surgery in Practice and Science · doi:10.1016/j.sipas.2025.100275 · Cited by 2
“The Supporting Pediatric Research on Outcomes and Utilization of Tele-health (SPROUT) Study in 2018 sought to assess the utilization of pediatric telehealth by distributing a survey to 56 programs across 30 states [10].”
A mixed methods realist analysis of telehealth delivery of complex wheelchair assessment in Aotearoa New Zealand: contexts, mechanisms, and outcomes
Graham, F. P., Desha, L. N., Boland, P., Jones, B. H., Grant, S., Brown, R., Williman, J. A., & Grainger, R. (2025) · Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/17483107.2025.2492361 · Cited by 2
Telehealth Referral to Improve Outcomes (TRIO) Intervention for Asymptomatic Hypertension in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Pilot Feasibility Study
Souffront, K., Shubeck, C., Loo, G. T., & Richardson, L. D. (2025) · International Emergency Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ienj.2025.101622 · Cited by 2
Virtual vitreoretinal clinics: a service delivery pathway of the future
Yang, E., Rees, A., Ahadzi, S., Kana, Y., Schwember, P., Henderson, R., & da Cruz, L. (2025) · International Journal of Retina and Vitreous · doi:10.1186/s40942-025-00684-3 · Cited by 2
“Unsurprisingly, digital exclusion represents a common theme in all current virtual consultation models in medicine [13, 14].”
Establishing a Digitally Enabled Healthcare Framework for Enhanced Prevention, Risk Identification, and Relief for Dementia and Frailty
Manias, G., LIKOTHANASSIS, S. D., Alexakis, E., Antoniades, A., Marra, C., Giuffrè, G. M., Charalambous, E., Tsolis, D. K., Tsirogiannis, G. A., Koutsomitropoulos, D. A., et al. (2025) · Journal of dementia and Alzheimer's disease · doi:10.3390/jdad2030030 · Cited by 2
“Another challenge that affects the digital transformation of the healthcare domain and hinders inclusiveness and equitable healthcare access is the digital divide that is observed in modern societies, which reflects disparities in access to and proficiency with technology [30].”
Saúde digital e seus impactos no acesso à atenção primária por grupos minoritários: revisão sistemática
Silva, G. D. O. L., Fernandes, G. R., da Rocha, J. C., Aguilar, G. T., Lottici, I. D., Dode, A. D., Cabral, F. C., Moreira, T. D. C., & Chagas, M. E. V. (2025) · Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública · doi:10.26633/rpsp.2025.96 · Cited by 2
“Para evitar a marginalização de grupos vulnerabilizados, é fundamental que as estratégias digitais evoluam junto ao cenário tecnoló-gico, garantindo que os benefícios da inovação alcancem todos, sem aprofundar disparidades existentes (43, 44).”
Exploring healthcare providers’ perceptions of virtual reality in lung cancer treatment preparedness: a mixed-methods feasibility study for the development of EveryBreathMatters
Elkefi, S., Wu, R. S., Feiner, S., Chen, L. N., Hembroff, G. C., & Matthews, A. K. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-30884-8 · Cited by 2
“These observations align with previous research concerning the digital divide in healthcare accessibility 18–20 .”
The Impact of Digital Transformation on Public Health: A Multicountry Analysis
Cheng, M., Liu, A., & Li, R. (2026) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1155/hsc/2320652 · Cited by 3
Linguistic Exclusion in South African E-Governance
Ramothwa, J. S. (2026) · Digital Policy Studies · doi:10.36615/kksnwq08 · Cited by 4
“The findings of this research are consistent with prior studies conducted by Ranchordas (2021), Saeed and Masters (2021), and Mlambo and Matfunjwa (2024), which also demonstrate the exclusivity of English-dominated ICT platforms.”
Understanding the telehealth access through an intersectional lens: Experience of Mandarin-speaking consumers accessing health services from a tertiary hospital in Australia
Gallegos-Rejas, V. M., Kelly, J. T., Zhang, L., Marinucci, N., Payne, K. L., Zhou, X., Lu, Y., Smith, A. C., & Thomas, E. E. (2026) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076261415915 · Cited by 2
“19,42 45 These dynamics and complexities allow inter-sectionality to be an appropriate tool for studying the digital divide in the context of Mandarin-speaking individuals accessing telehealth in metropolitan areas.”
Advancing medical AI through benchmarking and competition for specialty triage
Ding, C., Bian, M., Yuan, M., Jiang, L., Luo, K., Chen, P., JIANG, Y., & Xu, J. (2026) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02433-8 · Cited by 2
Innovation without inclusion? a scoping review on inequities in diabetes technology access
Kargar, S., Olyaeemanesh, A., Nasli‐Esfahani, E., Jafarzadeh, J., Mohamadi, E., Mostafavi, H., Takian, A., Narimani, M., Behzadifar, M., Olyaeemanesh, M. M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-026-01901-y · Cited by 2
“Digital health, including telehealth, telemedicine, mobile health (mHealth), and electronic health (eHealth), is becoming a basis for improving healthcare access, cost efficiency, and optimizing health outcomes [17].”
Bridging the Digital Divide with Digital Navigation in the California Safety Net: A Mixed-Methods Study
Natsuhara, K. H., Shah, N. D., Ma, C., Rahman, S. B., Dy, M., Elkhatib, H., Kotwal, A., Lyles, C. R., Aguilera, A., Khoong, E. C., et al. (2026) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-026-10270-4 · Cited by 3
International Practices in Digital Health Development: A Review of Technological Solutions and Integrated Systems
Mukhacheva Anna, V., Kadyrov Farit, N., & Subkhangulova Kseniya, A. (2026) · ЗДОРОВЬЕ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ И СРЕДА ОБИТАНИЯ - ЗНиСО / PUBLIC HEALTH AND LIFE ENVIRONMENT · doi:10.35627/2219-5238/2026-34-1-7-18 · Cited by 1
Bridging digital health gaps in South Africa: A qualitative study of the digital divide, interoperability and health equity
Trust Saidi, Pavel, N., Gazerani, P., & Pikkarainen, M. A. (2026) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076261440967 · Cited by 2
“13,14 Understanding these interdependencies requires empirical evidence that moves beyond high-level conceptual frameworks in order to address the missing links toward more equitable digital health systems.”
Telehealth Use and Nonuse Among Cancer Survivors in the United States and Associations with Adverse Social Determinants of Health
Alcaraz, K. I., Cohen, C. M., & Connor, A. E. (2026) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1177/15305627261450362 · Cited by 2
Italy’s National Healthcare System and eHealth Landscape
Napoli, A. G. V. (2026) · Advances in Public Health · doi:10.1155/adph/6689534 · Cited by 2

Authors: Saeed, S. A., & Masters, R. M.
Affiliations: East Carolina University (US)
Corresponding author: Saeed, Sy Atezaz
ORCID: Saeed, Sy Atezaz
Venue: Current Psychiatry Reports
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2021-07-23
Volume: 23
Issue: 9
Pages: 61-61
ISSN: 1523-3812 (ISSN-L)
1535-1645
DOI: 10.1007/s11920-021-01274-4
PMC: PMC8300069
OpenAlex: W3185220037
Cited by: 578
References: 22
Citations by year: 2026: 131 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 149 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 3
FWCI: 37.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Current Psychiatry Reports (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Literacy and Information Accessibility
Keywords: health care disparities, digital divide, telemedicine, internet access, health equity, schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, socioeconomic status, racial disparities, gender disparities, health technology
MeSH terms: Black or African American, Female, Humans, Telemedicine, Internet, Healthcare Disparities, Digital Divide

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Disparities in Health Care and the Digital Divide

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks