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From land to water: The origin of whales, dolphins and porpoises
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Cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) are an order of mammals that originated about 50 million years ago in the Eocene epoch. Even though all modern cetaceans are obligate aquatic mammals, early cetaceans were amphibious, and their ancestors were terrestrial artiodactyls, similar to small deer. The transition from land to water is documented by a series of intermediate fossils, many of which are known from India and Pakistan. We review raoellid artiodactyls, as well as the earliest families of cetaceans: pakicetids, ambulocetids, remingtonocetids, protocetids, and basilosaurids. We focus on the evolution of cetacean organ systems, as these document the transition from land to water in detail.
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Smaller local successions in the fossil record include intermediate fossils of amphibians, birds, whales, horses, and humans.
“Smaller local successions are also observable in the fossil record; such as the beautiful strings of intermediate fossils that include amphibians (Kustchera and Elliot, 2013), birds, whales (Thewissen, 2009), horses, and humans.”
From Science and evolution. (2019) · cites this paper as Thewissen, 2009
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Metadata
- Authors
- Thewissen, J. G. M., Cooper, L. N., George, J. C., & Bajpai, S.
- Affiliations
- Northeast Ohio Medical University (US)
- Kent State University (US)
- North Slope Borough (US)
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Thewissen, J. G. M.
- Venue
- Evolution: Education and Outreach
- Published
- 2009-04-16
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 272-288
- ISSN
- 1936-6426 (ISSN-L)
- 1936-6434
- OpenAlex
- W2143466974
- Cited by
- 178
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 2.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Evolution Education and Outreach (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Marine animal studies overview
- Keywords
- cetacean evolution, dolphins, porpoises, Artiodactyla, Protocetidae, Basilosauridae, Eocene, fossil cetaceans
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