The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Psychological Perspectives of Virtual Child Sexual Abuse Material
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In the citing paper
“Christensen et al. (2021) argued that users of virtual CSAM may experience fantasy escalation, whereby tolerance builds over time and leads to the pursuit of more extreme or real-world material.”
From AI-generated child sexual abuse material: what’s the harm? (2026) · cites this paper as Christensen et al. (2021)
In the citing paper
“As Christensen et al. (2021) argue, the perceived anonymity of virtual CSAM use may reduce users' inhibitions and foster distorted rationalizations, such as the belief that 'no one is harmed.'”
From AI-generated child sexual abuse material: what’s the harm? (2026) · cites this paper as Christensen et al. (2021)
Citations
Cites
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Toward a comprehensive theory of child sexual abuse: A theory knitting perspective
Ward, T. J., & Siegert, R. J. (2002) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/10683160208401823 · Cited by 625
Child Molesters' Implicit Theories
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Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Avery, L. (2015). The categorical failure of child pornography. Widener Law Review, 21(1), 51–94.
- Beech, A.R., & Mann, R.E. (2002). Recent developments in the treatment of sexual offenders. In J. McGuire (Ed.), Offender rehabilitation: Effective programs and policies to reduce reoffending. Chichester: Wiley.
- Clarke, R.V. (2008) Situational Crime Prevention. In R. Wortley & L. Mazerolle (Ed.), Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis (Chapter 10). Cullompton, UK: Willan Publishing.
- Eneman, M, Gillespie A.A., & Stahl B.C. (2009) Criminalising fantasies: The regulation of virtual child pornography. In Proceedings of the 17th European Conference on Information Systems. https://gup.ub.gu.se/file/207727.
- Filipović, A. M. (2020). Video games as a mean of fostering of the interactive relationship between pedophiles and children. In Bjelajac, Ž., & Filipović, A. (Ed.) Pedophilia: Causes and consequences (pp. 41–52). Novi Sad: Culture – Polis Novi Sad.
- Krone, T., Smith, R. G., Cartwright, J., Hutchings, A., Tomison, A., & Napier, S. (2017). Online child sexual exploitation offenders: A study of Australian law enforcement data. Canberra: Criminology Research Council.
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- Northern Ireland Office. (2007). Consultation on the possession of non-photographic visual depictions of child sexual abuse. London: Home Office.
- Sullivan, J., & Sheehan, V. (2002). The internet sex offender: Understanding the behaviour and engaging the assessment and treatment issues. Paper presented to the 21st Annual Conference of ATSA (The Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers), Montreal, Canada.
Cited by
Identity, crimes, and law enforcement in the Metaverse
Qin, H. X., Wang, Y., & Hui, P. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-04266-w · Cited by 94
Christensen, L. S., & Vickery, N. (2023) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-023-10091-1 · Cited by 20
Self-citation“It’s Like POOF and It’s Gone”: The Live-Streaming of Child Sexual Abuse
Christensen, L. S., & Woods, J. (2024) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-023-10186-9 · Cited by 14
Self-citationReichel, R., Daser, A., Gnielka, F. M., Schmidt, A. F., BLOKLAND, A. A. J., & Lehmann, R. (2024) · Journal of Sexual Aggression · doi:10.1080/13552600.2024.2418100 · Cited by 13
The legal framework and legal gaps for AI-generated child sexual abuse material
Dushi, D., Bërdufi, N., & Karagianni, A. (2025) · Computer law & security review · doi:10.1016/j.clsr.2025.106205 · Cited by 11
Creţu, A.-M., Kireev, K., Abdalla, A., Obinna, W., Meier, R., Bargal, S. A., Redmiles, E. M., & Troncoso, C. (2026) · IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P) · doi:10.1109/sp63933.2026.00251 · Cited by 10
AI-generated child sexual abuse material: what’s the harm?
Ó Ciardha, C., Buckley, J., & Portnoff, R. S. (2026) · AI & SOCIETY · doi:10.1007/s00146-026-02932-y · Cited by 9
“It is also explored in the context of pre-diffusion model virtual CSAM, where researchers examine both the harm-reduction hypothesis and the risks of reinforcement or escalation (Christensen et al. 2021).”
InfluentialAn empirical investigation of emotion and the criminal law: towards a “criminalization bias”?
Coppelmans, J. N., Wagemans, F. M. A., & van Dillen, L. F. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-02842-8 · Cited by 8
Grooming Risk Factors in Adolescents with Abuse Histories: Insights from Chilean Reparative Programs
Melo Laclote, P., Martínez-Líbano, J., Céspedes, C., Fuentealba-Urra, S., Ramírez, N. S., Lara, R. I., & Yeomans-Cabrera, M.-M. (2025) · Adolescents · doi:10.3390/adolescents5010003 · Cited by 6
Ethical Boundaries in AI-Generated Imagery: Analysis of Controversial Content Constraints
Florindi, E., Franzoni, V., & Milani, A. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-65343-8_21 · Cited by 6
Survivor Perspectives on Institutional Use of Child Sexual Abuse Material
Ballin, M., Humphries, K.-A. M., Lewis, A. Y., Rolan, G., & Ronken, C. A. (2024) · International Journal for Crime Justice and Social Democracy · doi:10.5204/ijcjsd.3581 · Cited by 4
The limits of ‘zero tolerance’ policies for animated pornographic media
Petit, A. (2025) · Porn Studies · doi:10.1080/23268743.2025.2491506 · Cited by 4
Reva, Z. (2024) · Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları dergisi · doi:10.33433/maruhad.1454437 · Cited by 2
Szczuka, J. M., Richards, K., & Parker, M. (2026) · Crime and justice briefing papers. · doi:10.5204/eprints.263560 · Cited by 2
From theory to practice: virtual children as platforms for research and training
Morrison, S., Henderson, A. M. E., Lukosch, H. K., White, E. J., Bednarski, F. M., & Sagar, M. A. (2025) · Empathic Computing · doi:10.70401/ec.2025.0005 · Cited by 2
Hasiana, I. (2024) · Early Childhood Development Gazette · doi:10.61987/gazette.v1i1.618 · Cited by 2
Child Sexual Abuse Material, Progression to Contact Offending and the Evolution of Technology
Paradise, A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-83173-7_17 · Cited by 1
Females who engage in online child sexual exploitation: a critical narrative review
Fortunato, E., Slikboer, R., Henshaw, M., & Ogloff, J. R. P. (2025) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2025.2540384 · Cited by 1
Lehmann, R., Reichel, R., Gnielka, F. M., Schmidt, A. F., Gannon, C., Huikuri, S., & Quinten, L. K. J. L. (2025) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380251388139 · Cited by 1
Lestiawati, I., Maisa, Kaharuddinsyah, Haling, S., & Irmawaty, I. (2024) · Evolutionary Studies in Imaginative Culture · doi:10.70082/esiculture.vi.1371 · Cited by 1
Morje, S. S., Roy, A., Sanjana, S., & Caeiro, P. D. (2025) · International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering Management & Applied Science · doi:10.51583/ijltemas.2025.1407000080
Kristich, T. (2025) · Digital Commons (Liberty University)
Prinz, M. G., & de Roos, M. S. (2026) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2026.2687545
Crossing the Line: Factors Associated With Escalating Pornography Use
de Roos, M. S., & Willkomm, L. (2026) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605261462151
Arsy, H. H., & Purnama, H. R. (2026) · Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum dan Keadilan · doi:10.29303/ius.v14i2.2044
Gkioka, C. P. (2026) · The International Journal of Children s Rights · doi:10.1163/15718182-bja10081
Sanctioning "future crime": the problem of virtual child pornography
Sumer, S. (2025) · University of Maribor digital library (University of Maribor)
Metadata
- Authors
- Christensen, L. S., Moritz, D., & Pearson, A.
- Affiliations
- University of the Sunshine Coast (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Christensen, Larissa S.
- Venue
- Sexuality & Culture
- Published
- 2021-02-05
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1353-1365
- ISSN
- 1095-5143 (ISSN-L)
- 1936-4822
- OpenAlex
- W3129103771
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 1.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
- www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
- Locations
- Sexuality & Culture (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Social Sciences › Law › Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Keywords
- morphing, 3D rendering, cognitive distortions, schemas, person-situation interaction, rational choice theory, offender psychology, law enforcement
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Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.