The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Psychological Perspectives of Virtual Child Sexual Abuse Material
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Christensen et al. (2021) argued that users of virtual CSAM may experience fantasy escalation, whereby tolerance builds over time and leads to the pursuit of more extreme or real-world material.”
From AI-generated child sexual abuse material: what’s the harm? (2026) · cites this paper as Christensen et al. (2021)
In the citing paper
“As Christensen et al. (2021) argue, the perceived anonymity of virtual CSAM use may reduce users' inhibitions and foster distorted rationalizations, such as the belief that 'no one is harmed.'”
From AI-generated child sexual abuse material: what’s the harm? (2026) · cites this paper as Christensen et al. (2021)
Citations
Cites
Madison, P., & Mischel, W. (1968) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421067 · Cited by 4,346
Cornish, D. B., & Clarke, R. V. (2014) · Cited by 1,779
(2014) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,385
Sexuality and the Internet: Surfing into the New Millennium
COOPER, A. (1998) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.1998.1.187 · Cited by 736
Cornish, D., & Clarke, R. (2014) · Research in criminology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8625-4 · Cited by 684
Toward a comprehensive theory of child sexual abuse: A theory knitting perspective
Ward, T. J., & Siegert, R. J. (2002) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/10683160208401823 · Cited by 625
Child Molesters' Implicit Theories
WARD, T., & KEENAN, T. (1999) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/088626099014008003 · Cited by 483
Sexual offenders' cognitive distortions as implicit theories
Ward, T. (2000) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/s1359-1789(98)00036-6 · Cited by 434
Complications, consent, and cognitions in sex between children and adults
Abel, G. G., Becker, J. V., & Cunningham-Rathner, J. (1984) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0160-2527(84)90008-6 · Cited by 415
The characteristics of online sex offenders: A meta-analysis
Babchishin, K. M., Karl Hanson, R., & Hermann, C. A. (2011) · Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1177/1079063210370708 · Cited by 325
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Avery, L. (2015). The categorical failure of child pornography. Widener Law Review, 21(1), 51–94.
- Beech, A.R., & Mann, R.E. (2002). Recent developments in the treatment of sexual offenders. In J. McGuire (Ed.), Offender rehabilitation: Effective programs and policies to reduce reoffending. Chichester: Wiley.
- Clarke, R.V. (2008) Situational Crime Prevention. In R. Wortley & L. Mazerolle (Ed.), Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis (Chapter 10). Cullompton, UK: Willan Publishing.
- Eneman, M, Gillespie A.A., & Stahl B.C. (2009) Criminalising fantasies: The regulation of virtual child pornography. In Proceedings of the 17th European Conference on Information Systems. https://gup.ub.gu.se/file/207727.
- Filipović, A. M. (2020). Video games as a mean of fostering of the interactive relationship between pedophiles and children. In Bjelajac, Ž., & Filipović, A. (Ed.) Pedophilia: Causes and consequences (pp. 41–52). Novi Sad: Culture – Polis Novi Sad.
- Krone, T., Smith, R. G., Cartwright, J., Hutchings, A., Tomison, A., & Napier, S. (2017). Online child sexual exploitation offenders: A study of Australian law enforcement data. Canberra: Criminology Research Council.
- Maras, M. H., & Shapiro, L. R. (2017). Child sex dolls and robots: More than just an uncanny valley. Journal of Internet Law, 21(5), 3–21.
- Northern Ireland Office. (2007). Consultation on the possession of non-photographic visual depictions of child sexual abuse. London: Home Office.
- Sullivan, J., & Sheehan, V. (2002). The internet sex offender: Understanding the behaviour and engaging the assessment and treatment issues. Paper presented to the 21st Annual Conference of ATSA (The Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers), Montreal, Canada.
Cited by
Identity, crimes, and law enforcement in the Metaverse
Qin, H. X., Wang, Y., & Hui, P. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-04266-w · Cited by 94
Christensen, L. S., & Vickery, N. (2023) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-023-10091-1 · Cited by 20
Self-citation“It’s Like POOF and It’s Gone”: The Live-Streaming of Child Sexual Abuse
Christensen, L. S., & Woods, J. (2024) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-023-10186-9 · Cited by 14
Self-citationReichel, R., Daser, A., Gnielka, F. M., Schmidt, A. F., BLOKLAND, A. A. J., & Lehmann, R. (2024) · Journal of Sexual Aggression · doi:10.1080/13552600.2024.2418100 · Cited by 13
The legal framework and legal gaps for AI-generated child sexual abuse material
Dushi, D., Bërdufi, N., & Karagianni, A. (2025) · Computer law & security review · doi:10.1016/j.clsr.2025.106205 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Christensen, L. S., Moritz, D., & Pearson, A.
- Affiliations
- University of the Sunshine Coast (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Christensen, Larissa S.
- Venue
- Sexuality & Culture
- Published
- 2021-02-05
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1353-1365
- ISSN
- 1095-5143 (ISSN-L)
- 1936-4822
- OpenAlex
- W3129103771
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 1.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
- www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
- Locations
- Sexuality & Culture (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Social Sciences › Law › Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Keywords
- morphing, 3D rendering, cognitive distortions, schemas, person-situation interaction, rational choice theory, offender psychology, law enforcement
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
