Fuel properties and emission characteristics of biodiesel produced from unused algae grown in India
Open accessAbstract
The high price of different biodiesels and the need for many of their raw ingredients as food materials are the main constraints to be overcome when seeking the best potential alternative fuels to petro-diesel. Apart from that, some properties like high density, viscosity and acid value along with low cloud and pour points preclude their use in compression ignition (CI) engines as these properties can cause serious damage to the parts of the engine and reduce engine life. In this experiment, biodiesel was produced from the oil of unused algae by a two-step ‘acid esterification followed by transesterification’ procedure. Taguchi’s method was applied to design the experiment, and a L25 orthogonal array was prepared to optimize the biodiesel production procedure. The optimized conditions for transesterification were: methanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1, catalyst (KOH) concentration of 2.5 wt%, reaction time of 90 min and reaction temperature of 50 °C, achieving a biodiesel production of 89.7% with free fatty acid content of 0.25%. It was found that the CI engine emitted less CO, CO2 and hydrocarbon and higher NO x using algal biodiesel than that using petro-diesel. All properties of the algal biodiesel were within the limit of ASTM standards.
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Both Dunaliella salina and Chlorella protothecoides have viscosities close to fossil fuel values, but the majority of listed algal biodiesels have significantly higher viscosities that remain within acceptable ranges.
“Both Dunaliella salina and Chlorella protothecoides have viscosities close to fossil fuel values, but the majority listed are significantly higher but within acceptable ranges.”
From Key Targets for Improving Algal Biofuel Production (2021) · cites this paper as [122]
Section 3.1 reports that the mixed-algae biodiesel tested had a viscosity of 3.16 mm²/s, close to petro-diesel, and Table 5 lists it within ASTM limits. The paper does not report viscosities for Dunaliella salina or Chlorella protothecoides, or establish that most listed algal biodiesels have higher viscosities within acceptable ranges. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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Overview and Testing of Fuel Properties of Biodiesel
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Renewable Energy - Recent Advances
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- Authors
- Karmakar, R., Kundu, K., & Rajor, A.
- Affiliations
- Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology (IN)
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Karmakar, Rachan
- Venue
- Petroleum Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-12-23
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 385-395
- ISSN
- 1995-8226 (ISSN-L)
- 1672-5107
- OpenAlex
- W2779905945
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 2.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Petroleum Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biodiesel Production and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Catalysis and Hydrodesulfurization Studies
- Keywords
- algal biodiesel, transesterification, acid esterification, biodiesel properties, NOx emissions, free fatty acid content, methanol to oil molar ratio, KOH catalyst, Taguchi method, ASTM biodiesel standards
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