Mindfulness in persons with mild dementia and their caregivers: Exploring trait rumination as a clinical outcome measure
Open accessAbstract
Abstract Objectives Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have been successfully applied to persons with dementia (PwD) and their caregivers and may yield beneficial effects on depression and quality of life. However, due to inconsistent results, it may be beneficial to re-examine mindfulness in PwD cross-sectionally to identify further potential therapeutic target variables. Rumination, the maladaptive disposition to excessively think about causes and consequences of symptoms and negative mood, may represent such a target. The current study sought to confirm the validity of trait rumination and the antagonistic relationship between mindfulness, rumination, and depression in PwD and their caregivers, as this may qualify rumination as a potential process and outcome variable in future MBIs. Method Forty patients with mild dementia completed a neuropsychological examination and provided self-report data on trait mindfulness, depression, and rumination. Self-report measures were also obtained from 30 caregivers. Regression analyses were used to examine the relation between mindfulness, depression, and rumination. We used clinical cutoffs for depression and rumination to estimate the practical implications of the opposing relationships between these variables. Results For PwD, mindfulness was significantly negatively correlated with depression and rumination, explaining 37% and 25% of variance, respectively. In PwD with low mindfulness scores, clinical depression and rumination syndromes occurred more frequently than in those with high mindfulness. Caregiver results were compatible. Conclusion Mindfulness shows an antagonistic relationship with clinically relevant rumination in PwD. Rumination may represent a relevant clinical outcome variable for future MBIs that can be reliably measured in PwD through validated self-report measures. Preregistration This study is not preregistered.
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Prior work has documented associations between rumination and anxiety, depressive symptoms, and broader distress in dementia caregivers.
“Prior work has documented associations between rumination and anxiety, depressive symptoms, and broader distress in dementia caregivers (Keune et al., 2023; Romero-Moreno et al., 2016).”
From Mindfulness and rumination: stress pathways for caregivers of persons living with dementia. (2026) · cites this paper as Keune et al., 2023
Table 5 reports significant correlations between both rumination measures and depressive symptoms in caregivers. The paper does not report associations between caregiver rumination and anxiety or broader distress, so those parts of the claim are not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Mindfulness and rumination: stress pathways for caregivers of persons living with dementia.
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“This pattern is consistent with prior work identifying repetitive negative thinking as a key driver of emotional distress (Keune et al., 2023; Ruscio et al., 2015).”
- Authors
- Keune, P. M., Bernard, F., Meister, R., Keune, J., Springer, R., Arlt, R., Holmerová, I., Auer, S., Oschmann, P., & Hansen, S.
- Affiliations
- Charles University (CZ)
- Bayreuth Medical Center (DE)
- Universität für Weiterbildung Krems (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Keune, Philipp M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Mindfulness
- Published
- 2023-08
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1908-1917
- ISSN
- 1868-8527 (ISSN-L)
- 1868-8535
- OpenAlex
- W4385633108
- Cited by
- 6
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 1.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Mindfulness (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- trait rumination, mild dementia, dementia caregivers, depression, mindfulness-based interventions, clinical outcome measures, rumination syndrome, negative mood, therapeutic target
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