Assessment of conventional and novel extraction techniques on extraction efficiency of five anthraquinones from Rheum emodi
Open accessAbstract
Rheum emodi is principally known to consist 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinones (DHAQs) that find immense use in the chemical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic industries and in herbal medication and food sector. The aim of this study was to compare non-conventional and classical methods for extraction of anthraquinones from R. emodi. Optimisation of the extraction parameters for various methods was done and their extraction efficiency was evaluated. In preliminary screening experiments, choice of solvent and solid : solvent ratio was optimised. Comparison of extraction efficiency for classical methods like maceration, heat-reflux, soxhletion and non-conventional methods like ultra-sonication and sublimation was done for five DHAQs - aloe emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion using HPLC-UV and fluorescence detection in native and acid hydrolysed samples. It was observed that ethanol was the best solvent for extraction of anthraquinones with a solid : solvent ratio of 1:20. A prior acid hydrolysis led to significant increase in anthraquinone extraction. Among the extraction methods heat reflux for 45 min was the most prominent extraction method with highest recovery of the DHAQs. In ultrasonic assisted extraction, an increase in the anthraquinone extraction was seen till 45 min after which the concentration declined. A novel, solvent-free, green and selective method of extraction by sublimation was found to be effective for extraction of anthraquinones.
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Anthraquinone pigments have been isolated in concentrations in excess of 30 mg/g dry weight from Morinda citrifolia, Rheum emodi, Rheum undulatum, Rubia cardigolia and Tectona grandis.
“Anthraquinone pigments have been isolated in concentrations in excess of 30 mg/(g dw) (dw: dry weight) from Morinda citrifolia, R. emodi, Rheum undulatum, Rubia cardigolia and Tectona grandis [38,41,42].”
From Natural Quinone Dyes: A Review on Structure, Extraction Techniques, Analysis and Application Potential (2021) · cites this paper as [38]
The Extraction by SE section reports 58.58 mg/g of total anthraquinones from native Rheum emodi samples, supporting the claim for that species. The paper does not report concentrations above 30 mg/g for the other four named species; its mention of Morinda citrifolia concerns an earlier extraction method. Passage page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRefluxing was the most efficient method to extract R. emodi, with a recovery rate of 77.9%, whereas sublimation, ultrasonication and maceration achieved 53.32%, 51.79% and 37.31%, respectively.
“Refluxing was the most efficient method, with a recovery rate of 77.9%, whereas sublimation, ultrasonication and maceration achieved 53.32%, 51.79% and 37.31%, respectively.”
From Natural Quinone Dyes: A Review on Structure, Extraction Techniques, Analysis and Application Potential (2021) · cites this paper as [38]
The Comparison of extraction methods section (page not provided) reports reflux as the best method for native R. emodi samples, with 77.9% recovery of total anthraquinones relative to eight-hour Soxhlet extraction. It also gives 51.79% for ultrasonication and 37.31% for maceration, but reports 53.52% for sublimation, not the claimed 53.32%. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe highest impurity levels were obtained with Soxhlet and maceration, while sublimation gave the most selective, cost effective and environmentally friendly results, with minimum infrastructural and solvent requirements.
“The highest impurity levels were obtained with Soxhlet and maceration, while sublimation gave the most selective, cost effective and environmentally friendly results, with minimum infrastructural and solvent requirements [26,38].”
From Natural Quinone Dyes: A Review on Structure, Extraction Techniques, Analysis and Application Potential (2021) · cites this paper as [38]
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Dulo, B., Phan, K., Githaiga, J., Raes, K., & De Meester, S. (2021) · Waste and Biomass Valorization · doi:10.1007/s12649-021-01443-9 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
“Extraction Methods Methods applied for extracting quinones include maceration [116], reflux [117], Soxhlet [118, 119], microwave assisted [118, 120, 121], ultrasonic assisted [118, 122], ultrasonic-microwave assisted [123], enzyme assisted [37, 124], supercritical fluid [125], sublimation assisted [38], and pressurise…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
- Authors
- Arvindekar, A. U., Pereira, G. R., & Laddha, K. S.
- Affiliations
- Institute of Chemical Technology (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Arvindekar, Aditya U.
- Venue
- Journal of Food Science and Technology
- Published
- 2015-03-21
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 6574-6582
- ISSN
- 0022-1155 (ISSN-L)
- 0975-8402
- PMC
- PMC4573108
- OpenAlex
- W2005925449
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 2.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Food Science and Technology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Phytochemistry and biological activity of medicinal plants
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural and Biological Research
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Chromatography in Natural Products
- Keywords
- Rheum emodi, anthraquinones, 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone, aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, physcion, extraction efficiency, ultrasound-assisted extraction, sublimation, heat reflux extraction, maceration, solvent extraction, acid hydrolysis, ethanol solvent, green extraction
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