Cited by 172

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Challenges of antibiotic resistance biofilms and potential combating strategies: a review

Khan, Javairia, Tarar, Sumbal Mudassar, Gul, Iram, Nawaz, Uzam, Arshad, Muhammad·2021·3 Biotech

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s13205-021-02707-w

Cites

3 of 3 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 100

  1. Alves MJ, Isabel CFR, Ferreira IL, Eduardo C, Anabela M, Manuela P (2014) Wild mushroom extracts as inhibitors of bacterial biofilm formation. Pathogens 3(3):667–679 · DOI
  2. Arciola CR, Montanaro L, Costerton JW (2011) New trends in diagnosis and control strategies for implant infections. Int J Artif Organs 34(09):727–736 · DOI
  3. Ayrapetyan M, Williams TC, Oliver JD (2015) Bridging the gap between viable but non-culturable and antibiotic persistent bacteria. Trends Microbiol 23:7–13 · DOI
  4. Barraud N, Schleheck D, Klebensberger J, Webb JS, Hassett DJ, Rice SA, Kjelleberg S (2009) Nitric oxide signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms mediates phosphodiesterase activity, decreased cyclic di-GMP levels, and enhanced dispersal. J Bacteriol 191:7333–7342 · DOI
  5. Bekele, ST, Abay, GK, Gelaw, B, Tessema, B (2018) Bacterial biofilms; links to pathogenesis and resistance mechanism. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201807.0598.v1 · DOI
  6. Bengtsson-Palme J, Gunnarsson L, Larsson DJ (2018) Can branding and price of pharmaceuticals guide informed choices towards improved pollution control during manufacturing? J Clean Prod 171:137–146 · DOI
  7. Berendonk TU, Manaia CM, Merlin C, Fatta-Kassinos D, Cytryn E, Walsh FM (2015) JL Tackling antibiotic resistance: the environmental framework. Nat Rev Microbiol 13(5):310–317 · DOI
  8. Blair JM, Webber MA, Baylay AJ, Ogbolu DO, Piddock LJ (2015) Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol 13:42–51 · DOI · Paper page
  9. Brauner A, Fridman O, Gefen O (2016) Distinguishing between resistance, tolerance and persistence to antibiotic treatment. Nat Rev Microbiol 14:320–330 · DOI · Paper page
  10. Briggs T, Blunn G, Hislop S (2018) Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy-a promising treatment for prosthetic joint infections. Lasers Med Sci 33(03):523–532 · DOI
  11. Camargo AC, Woodward JJ, Call DR, Nero LA (2017) Listeria monocytogenes in food-processing facilities, food contamination, and human listeriosis: the Brazilian Scenario. Foodborne Pathog Dis 14:623–636 · DOI
  12. Cascioferro S, Carbone D, Parrino B, Pecoraro C, Giovannetti E, Cirrincione G, Diana P (2021) Therapeutic strategies to counteract antibiotic resistance in MRSA biofilm-associated infections. Med Chem 16(1):65–80
  13. Cascioferro S, Parrino B, Petri GL, Cusimano MG, Schillaci D, Di Sarno V, Musella S, Giovannetti E, Cirrincione G, Diana P (2019) 2, 6-Disubstituted imidazo [2, 1-b] [1, 3, 4] thiadiazole derivatives as potent staphylococcal biofilm inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 167:200–210 · DOI
  14. Castano AP, Demidova TN, Hamblin MR (2005) Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: part two-cellular signaling, cell metabolismand modes of cell death. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 2(01):1–23 · DOI
  15. Chowdhury N, Wood TL, Martínez-Vázquez M, García-Contreras R, Wood TK (2016) DNA-crosslinker cisplatin eradicates bacterial persister cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 113(09):1984–1992 · DOI
  16. Coenye T, Brackman G, Rigole P (2012) Eradication of Propioni bacterium acnes biofilms by plant extracts and putative identification of icariin, resveratrol and salidroside as active compounds. Phytomedicine 19(5):409–412 · DOI
  17. Cox G, Wright GD (2013) Intrinsic antibiotic resistance: mechanisms, origins, challenges and solutions. Int J Med Microbiol 303:287–292 · DOI
  18. Cranston, D, Sidebottom, E (2016) Penicillin and the legacy of Norman Heatley. Words by Design. Oxford (England). ISBN 9781909075467
  19. Darouiche RO, Mansouri MD, Gawande PV, Madhyastha S (2009) Antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy of triclosan and DispersinB combination. J Antimicrob Chemother 64(01):88–93 · DOI · Paper page
  20. Davies D (2003) Understanding biofilm resistance to antibacterial agents. Nat Rev 5:6-12
  21. Davies D (2003) Understanding biofilm resistance to antibacterial agents. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2(2):114–122 · DOI
  22. Dörr T, Vulić M, Lewis K (2010) Ciprofloxacin causes persister formation by inducing the TisB toxin in Escherichia coli. PLoS Biol 8(2):1000317 · DOI
  23. Ernest EP, Machi AS, Karolcik BA, LaSala PR, Dietz MJ (2018) Topical adjuvants incompletely remove adherent Staphylococcus aureus from implant materials. J Orthop Res 36(06):1599–1604 · DOI
  24. Fernández J, Greenwood-Quaintance KE, Patel R (2016) In vitro activity of dalbavancin against biofilms of staphylococci isolated from prosthetic joint infections. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 85(04):449–451 · DOI
  25. Flemming HC, Wingender J, Szewzyk U, Steinberg P, Rice SA, Kjelleberg S (2016) Biofilms: an emergent form of bacterial life. Nat Rev Microbiol 14:563–575 · DOI · Paper page
  26. Fratamico PM, Annous BA, Guenther NW (2009) Biofilms in the Food and Beverage Industries. Woodhead Publishing, Sawston, pp 1–580
  27. Galié S, García-Gutiérrez C, Miguélez EM, Villar CJ, Lombó F (2018) Biofilms in the food industry: health aspects and control methods. Front Microbiol 9:898 · DOI
  28. Giannelli M, Landini G, Materassi F (2017) Effects of photodynamic laser and violet-blue led irradiation on Staphylococcus aureus biofilm and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide attached to moderately rough titanium surface: in vitro study. Lasers Med Sci 32(04):857–864 · DOI
  29. Gião MS, Keevil CW (2014) Listeria monocytogenes can form biofilms in tap water and enter into the viable but non-cultivable state. Microb Ecol 67:603–611 · DOI
  30. Gopal N, Hill C, Ross PR, Beresford TP, Fenelon MA, Cotter PD (2015) The prevalence and control of Bacillus and related spore-forming bacteria in the dairy industry. Front Microbial 6:1418
  31. Gries CM, Kielian T (2017) Staphylococcal biofilms and immune polarization during prosthetic joint infection. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 25(Suppl 1):S20–S24 · DOI
  32. Gupta P, Sarkar S, Das B, Bhattacharjee S, Tribedi P (2016) Biofilm, pathogenesis and prevention -a journey to break the wall: a review. Arch Microbial 198:1–15 · DOI · Paper page
  33. Hall CW, Mah TF (2017) Molecular mechanisms of biofilm-based antibiotic resistance and tolerance in pathogenic bacteria. FEMS MIcrobo Rec 41(3):276–301 · DOI
  34. Hernández-Sierra JF, Ruiz F, Cruz Pena DC (2008) The antimicrobial sensitivity of Streptococcus mutans to nanoparticles of silver, zinc oxide, and gold. Nanomed 4:237–240 · DOI
  35. Hochbaum AI, Kolodkin-Gal I, Foulston L, Kolter R, Aizenberg J, Losick R (2011) Inhibitory effects of D-amino acids on Staphylococcus aureus biofilm development. J Bacteriol 193:5616–5622 · DOI
  36. Hoffmann N, Lee B, Hentzer M, Rasmussen TB, Song Z, Johansen HK, Givskov M, Høiby N (2007) Azithromycin blocks quorum sensing and alginate polymer formation and increases the sensitivity to serum and stationary-growth-phase killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and attenuates chronic P. aeruginosa lung infection in Cftr2/2 mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:3677–3687 · DOI
  37. Høiby N, Bjarnsholt T, Givskov M, Molin S, Ciofu O (2010) Antibiotic resistance of bacterial biofilms. Int J Antimicrob Agents 35(04):322–332 · DOI
  38. Hughes G, Webber MA (2017) Novel approaches to the treatment of bacterial biofilm infections. Br J Pharmacol 174:2237–2246 · DOI
  39. Iannitelli A, Grande R, Di Stefano A, Di Giulio M, Sozio P, Bessa LJ, Laserra S, Paolini C, Protasi F, Cellini L (2011) Potential antibacterial activity of carvacrol-loaded poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles against microbial biofilm. Int J Mol Sc 12(8):5039–5051 · DOI
  40. Jolivet-Gougeon A, Bonnaure-Mallet M (2014) Biofilms as a mechanism of bacterial resistance. Drug Discov Today Technol 11:49–56 · DOI
  41. Jones-Dias D, Manageiro V, Caniça M (2016) Influence of agricultural practice on mobile blagenes: Inc I1-bearing CTX-M, SHV, CMY and TEM in Escherichia coli from intensive farming soils. Environ Microbiol 18:260–272 · DOI
  42. Kalpana BJ, Aarthy S, Pandian SK (2012) Antibiofilm activity of α-amylase from Bacillus subtilis S8–18 against biofilm forming human bacterial pathogens. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 167(6):1778–1794 · DOI
  43. Kaplan JB (2009) Therapeutic potential of biofilm-dispersing enzymes. Int J Artif Organs 32(09):545–554 · DOI · Paper page
  44. Kaur G, Balamurugan P, Vasudevan S, Jadav S, Princy SA (2017) Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm potential of acyclic amines and diamines against multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 8:1767 · DOI
  45. Khan F, Pham DTN, Kim Y (2020) Alternative strategies for the application of aminoglycoside antibiotics against the biofilm-forming human pathogenic bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 104:1955–1976 · DOI
  46. Kobayashi K, Ikemoto Y (2019) Biofilm-associated toxin and extracellular protease cooperatively suppress competitors in Bacillus subtilis biofilms. PLoS Genet 15(10):1008232 · DOI
  47. Kolodkin-Gal I, Cao S, Chai L, Bo¨ttcher T, Kolter R, Clardy J, Losick R (2012) A self-produced trigger for biofilm disassembly that targets exopolysaccharide. Cell 149:684–692 · DOI
  48. Koo H, Allan RN, Howlin RP, Stoodley P, HallStoodley L (2017) Targeting microbial biofilms: current and prospective therapeutic strategies. Nat Rev Microbiol 15:740–755 · DOI
  49. Kulshrestha S, Khan S, Hasan S, Khan ME, Misba L, Khan AU (2016) Calcium fluoride nanoparticles induced suppression of Streptococcus mutans biofilm: an in vitro and in vivo approach. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 100:1901–1914 · DOI
  50. Kulshrestha S, Khan S, Meena R, Khan AU (2014) A graphene/zinc oxide nanocomposite film protects dental implant surfaces against cariogenic Streptococcus mutans. Biofouling 30:1281–1294 · DOI
  51. Larsson DGJ, Andremont A, Bengtsson-Palme J, Brandt KK, Husman AMR, Patriq Fagerstedt P, Jerker Fick J, Carl-Fredrik Flach CF, Gaze WH, Makoto Kuroda M, Kvint K, Laxminarayan R, Manaia CM, Nielsen KM, Plant L, Ploy MC, Segovia C, Simonet P, Smalla K, Snape J, Topp E, Hengel AJV, Verner-Jeffreys DW, Virta MPJ, Wellington EM, Wernersson AS (2018) Critical knowledge gaps and research needs related to the environmental dimensions of antibiotic resistance. Environ Int 117:132–138 · DOI
  52. Laxminarayan R, Amábile-Cuevas CF, Cars O, EvansT Heymann DL, Hoffman S, Holmes A, Mendelson M, Sridhar D, Woolhouse M, Røttingen JA (2016) UN High-Level Meeting on antimicrobials—what do we need? The Lancet 388(10041):218–220 · DOI
  53. Lerch TZ, Chenu C, Dignac MF, Barriuso E, Mariotti A (2017) Biofilm vs planktonic lifestyle : consequences for pesticide 2, 4-D metabolism by Cupriavidus necator. Front Microbiol 8:1–11 · DOI
  54. Li J, Ma L, Liao X (2018) Ultrasound-induced Escherichia coli O157: H7 cell death exhibits physical disruption and biochemical apoptosis. Front Microbiol 9:2486 · DOI
  55. Li YJ, Harroun SG, Su YC (2016) Synthesis of self-assembled spermidine-carbon quantum dots effective against multidrugresistant bacteria. Adv Healthc Mater 5(19):2545–2554 · DOI
  56. Lonn-Stensrud J, Landin MA, Benneche T, Petersen FC, Scheie AA (2009) Furanones, potential agents for preventing Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 63:309–316 · DOI
  57. Malhotra R, Dhawan B, Garg B, Shankar V, Nag TC (2019) A comparison of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on commonly used orthopaedic metal implant materials: an in vitro study. Indian J Orthop 53(01):148–153 · DOI
  58. Manaia CM (2017) Assessing the risk of antibiotic resistance transmission from the environment to humans: non-direct proportionality between abundance and risk. Trends Microbiol 25(3):173–181 · DOI
  59. McCarty S, Percival SL, Hunt JA, Woods EJ (2014) The effects of pH on wound healing, biofilms, and antimicrobial efficacy. Wound Repair Regen 22(2):174–186 · DOI
  60. McCluskey J, Hinds J, Husain S, Witney A, Mitchell TJ (2004) A two-component system that controls the expression of pneumococcal surface antigen A (PsaA) and regulates virulence and resistance to oxidative stress in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Molecular Microbiol 51(6):1661–1675 · DOI
  61. Metso L, Mäki M, Tissari P (2014) Efficacy of a novel PCR- and microarray-based method in diagnosis of a prosthetic joint infection. Acta Orthop 85(02):165–170 · DOI
  62. Misba L, Khan AU (2018) Enhanced photodynamic therapy using light fractionation against S. mutans biofilm: type I and type II mechanism. Future Microbiol 13:437–454 · DOI
  63. Muñoz-Egea MC, Garcia-Pedrazuela M, Mahillo-Fernandez I, Esteban J (2016) Effect of antibiotics and antibiofilm agents in the ultrastructure and development of biofilms developed by nonpigmented rapidly growing mycobacteria. Microb Drug Resist 22:1–6 · DOI
  64. Nithya C, Devi MG, Karutha PS (2011) A novel compound from the marine bacterium Bacillus pumilus S6–15 inhibits biofilm formation in gram-positive and gram-negative species. Biofouling 27:519–528 · DOI
  65. Parrino B, Attanzio A, Spanò V, Cascioferro S, Montalbano A, Barraja P, Tesoriere L, Diana P, Cirrincione G, Carbone A (2017) Synthesis, antitumor activity and CDK1 inhibiton of new thiazole nortopsentin analogues. Eur J Med Chem 138:371–383 · DOI
  66. Parrino B, Carbone D, Cascioferro S, Pecoraro C, Giovannetti E, Deng D, Girolamo C, Diana P (2021) 1, 2, 4-Oxadiazole topsentin analogs as staphylococcal biofilm inhibitors targeting the bacterial transpeptidase sortase A. Eur J Med Chem 209:112892 · DOI
  67. Pelgrift RY, Friedman AJ (2013) Nanotechnology as a therapeutic tool to combat microbial resistance. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 65:1803–1815 · DOI
  68. Pruden A, Pei R, Storteboom H, Carlson KH (2006) Antibiotic resistance genes asemerging contaminants: studies in northern Colorado. Environ Sci Technol 40:7445–7450 · DOI
  69. Qayyum S, Khan AU (2016) Biofabrication of broad range antibacterial and antibiofilm silver nanoparticles. IET Nanobiotechnol 10(05):349–357 · DOI
  70. Robinson TP, Bu DP, Carrique-Mas J, Fevre EM, Gilbert M, Grace D, Hay SI, Jiwakanon J, Kakkar M, Kariuki S, Laxminarayan S, Lubroth J, Magnusson U, Ngoc PT, Van Boeckel TP, Woolhouse ME (2016) Antibiotic resistance is the quintessential one health issue. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 110(2016):377–380 · DOI
  71. Roca I, Akova M, Baquero F, Carlet J, Cavaleri M, Coenen S, Cohen J, Findlay D, Gyssens I, Heure OE, Kahlmeter G, Kruse H, Laxminarayan R, Liébana E, López-Cerero L, MacGowan A, Martins M, Rodríguez-Baño J, Rolain JM, Segovia C, Sigauque B, Tacconelli E, Wellington E, Vila J (2015) The global threat of antimicrobial resistance: science for intervention. New Microbes New Infect 6:22–29 · DOI · Paper page
  72. Rose T, Verbeken G, Vos DD (2014) Experimental phage therapy of burn wound infection: difficult first steps. Int J Burns Trauma 4(02):66–73
  73. Roy R, Tiwari M, Donelli G, Tiwari V (2018) Strategies for combating bacterial biofilms: a focus on anti-biofilm agents and their mechanisms of action. Virulence 9:522–554 · DOI
  74. Schillaci D, Spanò V, Parrino B, Carbone A, Montalbano A, Barraja P, Diana P, Cirrincione G, Cascioferro S (2017) Pharmaceutical approaches to target antibiotic resistance mechanisms. J Med Chem 60(20):8268–8297 · DOI
  75. Sharma D, Misba L, Khan AU (2019) Antibiotics versus biofilm: an emerging battleground in microbial communities. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 8:76 · DOI
  76. Shoji MM, Chen AF (2020) Biofilms in periprosthetic joint infections: a review of diagnostic modalities, current treatments, and future directions. J Knee Surgery 33:119–131 · DOI
  77. Shunmugaperumal, Tamilvanan, (2010) Biofilm eradication and prevention: a pharmaceutical approach to medical device infections. ISBN 10: 0470479965 ISBN 13: 9780470479964 · DOI
  78. Singh BN, Singh HB, Singh A, Singh BR, Mishra A, Nautiyal CS (2012) Lagerst roemia species a fruit extract modulates quorum sensing-controlled virulence factor production and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiol 158(2):529–538 · DOI
  79. Singh R, Ray P, Das A, Sharma M (2010) Penetration of antibiotics through Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis biofilms. J Antimicrob Chemother 65:1955–1958 · DOI
  80. Song Z, Kong KF, Wu H, Maricic N, Ramalingam B, Priestap H, Schneper L, Quirke JME, Høiby N, Mathee K (2010) Panax ginseng has anti-infective activity against opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa by inhibiting quorum sensing, a bacterial communication process critical for establishing infection. Phytomedicine 17:1040–1046 · DOI
  81. Speranza B, Corbo MR (2017) The impact of biofilms on food spoilage. The Microbiological Quality of Food, Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition 259–282. · DOI
  82. Srey S, Jahid IK, Ha S (2013) Biofilm formation in food industries: a food safety concern. Food Control 31:572–585 · DOI
  83. Sun F, Qu F, Ling Y, Mao P, Xia P, Chen H, Zhou D (2013) Biofilm-associated infections: antibiotic resistance and novel therapeutic strategies. Futur Microbiol 8:877–886 · DOI
  84. Tetz GV, Artemenko NK, Tetz VV (2009) Effect of DNase and antibiotics on biofilm characteristics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53:1204–1209 · DOI
  85. Thanner S, Drissner D, Walsh F (2016) Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture. mBio 7(2):e02227-15. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02227-15 · DOI
  86. Tsang STJ, Gwynne PJ, Gallagher MP, Simpson AHRW (2018) The biofilm eradication activity of acetic acid in the management of periprosthetic joint infection. Bone Joint Res 7(08):517–523 · DOI
  87. Ventola CL (2015) The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. P T 40:277–283
  88. Verderosa AD, Totsika M, Fairfull-Smith KE (2019) Bacterial biofilm eradication agents: a current review. Front Chem 7:824 · DOI
  89. Walters MC, Roe F, Bugnicourt A, Franklin MJ, Stewart PS (2003) Contributions of antibiotic penetration, oxygen limitation, and low metabolic activity to tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms to ciprofloxacin and tobramycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47(01):317–323 · DOI
  90. Watkins RR, Smith TC, Bonomo RA (2016) On the path to untreatable infections: colistin use in agriculture and the end of ‘last resort’ antibiotics. Expert Rev Antiinfect Ther 14(9):785–788 · DOI
  91. Wolcott RD, Ehrlich GD (2008) Biofilms and chronic infections. JAMA 299(22):2682–2684 · DOI · Paper page
  92. Wolfmeier H, Pletzer D, Sarah C, Mansour REW (2018) New perspectives in biofilm eradication. ACS Infect Diseas 4(2):93–106 · DOI
  93. Wood TK (2016) Combatting bacterial persister cells. Biotechnol and Bioeng 113(3):476–483 · DOI
  94. Wood TK, Knabel SJ, Kwan BW (2013) Bacterial persister cell formation and dormancy. Appl Environ Microbiol 79(23):7116–7121 · DOI
  95. Wuijts S, van den Berg HH, Miller J, Abebe L, Sobsey M, Andremont A, Medlicott KO, van Passel MW, de Roda Husman AM (2017) Towards a research agenda for water, sanitation and antimicrobial resistance. J Water Health 15(2):175–184 · DOI
  96. Zaidi S, Misba L, Khan AU (2017) Nano-therapeutics: a revolution in infection control in post antibiotic era. Nanomedicine 13(07):2281–2301 · DOI
  97. Zhang L, Chiang WC, Gao Q, Givskov M, Tolker-Nielsen T, Yang L, Zhang G (2012) The catabolite repression control protein Crc plays a role in the development of antimicrobial-tolerant subpopulations in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Microbiol 158(12):3014–3019 · DOI
  98. Zhao X, Yu Z, Ding T (2020) Quorum-sensing regulation of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. Microorgan 8(3):425 · DOI
  99. Zhu YG, Zhao Y, Li B, Huang CL, Zhang SY, Yu S, Chen YS, Zhang T, Gillings MR, Su JQ (2017) Continental-scale pollution of estuaries with antibiotic re-sistance genes. Nat Microbiol 2:16270 · DOI
  100. Zuberi A, Misba L, Khan AU (2017) CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) inhibition of luxS gene expression in E. coli: an approach to inhibit biofilm. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 7:214 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 172

Metadata

Authors
Khan, J., Tarar, S. M., Gul, I., Nawaz, U., & Arshad, M.
Venue
3 Biotech
Published
2021-03-16
Volume
11
Issue
4
ISSN
  • 2190-572X
  • 2190-5738
Cited by
172
References
3
Language
en

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review