Cited by 222Academic integrity and plagiarismEthics and Social Impacts of AIDigital Education and Society

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Good Proctor or “Big Brother”? Ethics of Online Exam Supervision Technologies

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Coghlan, Simon, Miller, Tim, Paterson, Jeannie·2021·Philosophy & Technology

DOI 10.1007/s13347-021-00476-1PMC PMC8407138

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Abstract

Online exam supervision technologies have recently generated significant controversy and concern. Their use is now booming due to growing demand for online courses and for off-campus assessment options amid COVID-19 lockdowns. Online proctoring technologies purport to effectively oversee students sitting online exams by using artificial intelligence (AI) systems supplemented by human invigilators. Such technologies have alarmed some students who see them as a "Big Brother-like" threat to liberty and privacy, and as potentially unfair and discriminatory. However, some universities and educators defend their judicious use. Critical ethical appraisal of online proctoring technologies is overdue. This essay provides one of the first sustained moral philosophical analyses of these technologies, focusing on ethical notions of academic integrity, fairness, non-maleficence, transparency, privacy, autonomy, liberty, and trust. Most of these concepts are prominent in the new field of AI ethics, and all are relevant to education. The essay discusses these ethical issues. It also offers suggestions for educational institutions and educators interested in the technologies about the kinds of inquiries they need to make and the governance and review processes they might need to adopt to justify and remain accountable for using online proctoring technologies. The rapid and contentious rise of proctoring software provides a fruitful ethical case study of how AI is infiltrating all areas of life. The social impacts and moral consequences of this digital technology warrant ongoing scrutiny and study.

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Authors: Coghlan, S., Miller, T., & Paterson, J.
Affiliations: The University of Melbourne (AU)
Corresponding author: Coghlan, Simon
ORCID: Coghlan, Simon
Miller, Tim
Paterson, Jeannie
Venue: Philosophy & Technology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2021-08-31
Volume: 34
Issue: 4
Pages: 1581-1606
ISSN: 2210-5433 (ISSN-L)
2210-5441
DOI: 10.1007/s13347-021-00476-1
PMC: PMC8407138
OpenAlex: W3197804775
Cited by: 219
References: 79
Citations by year: 2026: 42 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 8
FWCI: 44.70
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: public-domain
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Philosophy & Technology (publishedVersion, public-domain)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Education › Academic integrity and plagiarism
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
Social Sciences › Education › Digital Education and Society
Keywords: online proctoring, AI ethics, academic integrity, privacy, student independence, fairness, non-maleficence, transparency, trust, surveillance

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Good Proctor or “Big Brother”? Ethics of Online Exam Supervision Technologies

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