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Prevalence and severity of depression, anxiety, stress and perceived stress in hospitalized patients with COVID-19
Open accessAbstract
Purpose COVID-19, a disease that can be transmitted from person to person and with serious health problems, can be associated with mental health disorders. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence and severity of depression, anxiety, stress, and stress perception among a group of patients with COVID-19 who were hospitalized.Methods In this cross-sectional study, 106 inpatients with COVID-19 who had stable clinical conditions were evaluated psychologically by two questionnaires: Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4).Results More than one third of patients had underlying disease. Overall, 97.2% of patients with COVID-19 had some degree of depression. Severity of depression, according to the DASS questionnaire, was 85.8%. All patients (100%) had severe (0.9%) and very severe (99.1%) anxiety. Regarding to stress levels, 97.1% of patients had some degree of stress. In the severity of stress category, 84.9% of patients had severe and very severe stress. In terms of perceived stress, 73.6% of patients had high levels and 22.6% had moderate levels. A positive strong correlation was found between depression and perceived stress (Coefficient: 0.33, P-value: 0.001). Correlation between anxiety and perceived stress was statistically significant (Coefficient: 0.2, P-value: 0.04).Conclusions The existence of such a high prevalence and severity of psychiatric disorders among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 underscores the need for serious attention to the mental health status of these patients. It seems that health policymakers need to have coherent plans for screening cases and managing related situations.
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“Mental health symptoms such as depression, anxiety and sleep problems are commonly observed in individuals suffering from acute COVID-19 infection to post-COVID-19 syndrome.”
From Psychological treatments for the mental health symptoms among individuals infected with COVID-19: a scoping review protocol (2023) · cites this paper as [1]
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Hassannia, L., Taghizadeh, F., Moosazadeh, M., Zarghami, M., Taghizadeh, H., Dooki, A. F., Fathi, M., Alizadeh‐Navaei, R., Hedayatizadeh‐Omran, A., & Dehghan, N. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology Reports · doi:10.1002/npr2.12153 · Cited by 137
Liu, C., Pan, W., Li, L., Li, B., Ren, Y., & Ma, X. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110516 · Cited by 92
Rutkowski, S., Szczegielniak, J., & Szczepańska-Gieracha, J. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10020352 · Cited by 90
Mental health status of COVID-19 survivors: a cross sectional study
Jafri, M. R., Zaheer, A., Fatima, S., Saleem, T., & Sohail, A. (2022) · Virology Journal · doi:10.1186/s12985-021-01729-3 · Cited by 69
Anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in hospital staff: systematic review plus meta-analysis
Raoofi, S., Kan, F. P., Rafiei, S., Khani, S., Hosseinifard, H., Tajik, F., Masoumi, M., Raoofi, N., Ahmadi, S., Aghalou, S., et al. (2021) · BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care · doi:10.1136/bmjspcare-2021-003125 · Cited by 63
Metadata
- Authors
- Zandifar, A., Badrfam, R., Yazdani, S., Arzaghi, S. M., Rahimi, F., Ghasemi, S., Khamisabadi, S., Mohammadian Khonsari, N., & Qorbani, M.
- Affiliations
- Alborz University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Roozbeh Hospital (IR)
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Qorbani, Mostafa
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders
- Published
- 2020-10-29
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1431-1438
- ISSN
- 2251-6581 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7594988
- OpenAlex
- W3097047630
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 12.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Alborz University of Medical Sciences (IR.ABZUMS.REC.1399.011)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, depression, anxiety, stress, perceived stress, hospitalized patients, psychiatric comorbidity, prevalence, severity, DASS-21, Perceived Stress Scale
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