The SARS, MERS and novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemics, the newest and biggest global health threats: what lessons have we learned?
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OBJECTIVES: To provide an overview of the three major deadly coronaviruses and identify areas for improvement of future preparedness plans, as well as provide a critical assessment of the risk factors and actionable items for stopping their spread, utilizing lessons learned from the first two deadly coronavirus outbreaks, as well as initial reports from the current novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic in Wuhan, China. METHODS: Utilizing the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, USA) website, and a comprehensive review of PubMed literature, we obtained information regarding clinical signs and symptoms, treatment and diagnosis, transmission methods, protection methods and risk factors for Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and COVID-19. Comparisons between the viruses were made. RESULTS: Inadequate risk assessment regarding the urgency of the situation, and limited reporting on the virus within China has, in part, led to the rapid spread of COVID-19 throughout mainland China and into proximal and distant countries. Compared with SARS and MERS, COVID-19 has spread more rapidly, due in part to increased globalization and the focus of the epidemic. Wuhan, China is a large hub connecting the North, South, East and West of China via railways and a major international airport. The availability of connecting flights, the timing of the outbreak during the Chinese (Lunar) New Year, and the massive rail transit hub located in Wuhan has enabled the virus to perforate throughout China, and eventually, globally. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that we did not learn from the two prior epidemics of coronavirus and were ill-prepared to deal with the challenges the COVID-19 epidemic has posed. Future research should attempt to address the uses and implications of internet of things (IoT) technologies for mapping the spread of infection.
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Recent studies suggest that the internet of things and related technologies such as AI, big data analytics, and next-generation 5G communication can play a vital role in preventing the spread of infectious diseases such as COVID-19.
“In addition, recent studies suggest that the internet of things (IoT) and related technologies such as AI, Big data analytics, next-generation 5G communication can play a vital role in preventing the spread of infectious diseases such as COVID-19.”
From IoMT amid COVID-19 pandemic: Application, architecture, technology, and security (2021) · cites this paper as Peeri et al., 2020
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- Authors
- Peeri, N. C., Shrestha, N., Rahman, M. S., Zaki, R., Tan, Z., Bibi, S., Baghbanzadeh, M., Aghamohammadi, N., Zhang, W., & Haque, U.
- Affiliations
- University of North Texas Health Science Center (US)
- Begum Rokeya University (BD)
- University of Malaya (MY)
- National University of Medical Sciences (PK)
- Ofogh Koorosh Chain Stores (IR)
- Center for Disease Surveillance and Research, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Corresponding author
- Peeri, Noah C
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-02-22
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 717-726
- ISSN
- 0300-5771 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-3685
- PMC
- PMC7197734
- OpenAlex
- W3007866917
- Cited by
- 1,610
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 135 · 2022: 249 · 2021: 501 · 2020: 582 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 47.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- International Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Murdoch University Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Key Research and Development Project of China (2019YFC1200500, 2019YFC1200501)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research
- Keywords
- SARS, MERS, COVID-19 pandemic, coronavirus outbreak, pandemic preparedness, lessons learned, risk factors, transmission routes, globalization, Wuhan, Lunar New Year, Internet of Things
- MeSH terms
- Global Burden of Disease, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, China, Disease Outbreaks, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Global Health, Coronavirus, Coronavirus Infections, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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