Cited by 512Physical Activity and HealthObesity, Physical Activity, DietChildren's Physical and Motor Development

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Is Muscular Fitness Associated with Future Health Benefits in Children and Adolescents? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies

García-Hermoso, Antonio, Ramírez-Campillo, Rodrigo, Izquierdo, Mikel·2019·Sports Medicine

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Abstract

Background No previous systematic review has quantitatively examined the association between muscular fitness during childhood and adolescence and health parameters later in life.Objective The aim was to systematically review and meta-analyze the current evidence for a prospective association between muscular fitness in childhood and adolescence and future health status.Methods Two authors systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and SPORTDiscus electronic databases and conducted manual searching of reference lists of selected articles. Relevant articles were identified by the following criteria: apparently healthy children and adolescents aged 3-18 years with muscular fitness assessed at baseline (e.g., handgrip, standing long jump, sit-ups, among others), and a follow-up period of ≥ 1 year. The outcome measures were anthropometric and adiposity measurements and cardiometabolic, bone and musculoskeletal health parameters. Two authors independently extracted data.Results Thirty studies were included in the meta-analysis, yielding a total of 21,686 participants. The meta-analysis found a significant, moderate-large (p < 0.05) effect size between muscular fitness at baseline and body mass index (r = - 0.14; 95% confidence interval (CI) - 0.21 to - 0.07), skinfold thickness (r = - 0.32; 95% CI - 0.40 to - 0.23), homeostasis model assessment estimated insulin resistance (r = - 0.10; 95% CI - 0.16 to - 0.05), triglycerides (r = - 0.22; 95% CI - 0.30 to - 0.13), cardiovascular disease risk score (r = - 0.29; 95% CI - 0.39 to - 0.18), and bone mineral density (r = 0.166; 95% CI 0.086 to 0.243) at follow-up.Conclusion A prospective negative association was observed between muscular fitness in childhood/adolescence and adiposity and cardiometabolic parameters in later life, together with a positive association for bone health. There is inconclusive evidence for low back pain benefits.

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Ojeda-Aravena, A., Herrera-Valenzuela, T., Valdés-Badilla, P. A., Martín, E. B.-S., Thapa, R. K., & Ramírez‐Campillo, R. (2023) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports11020033 · Cited by 81
The Youth Fitness International Test (YFIT) battery for monitoring and surveillance among children and adolescents: A modified Delphi consensus project with 169 experts from 50 countries and territories
Ortega, F. B., Zhang, K., Cadenas‐Sánchez, C., Tremblay, M. S., Jurak, G., Tomkinson, G. R., Ruiz, J. R., Klemm, K., Nyström, C. D., Sacheck, J. M., et al. (2024) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2024.101012 · Cited by 48
Plyometric jump training effects on the physical fitness of individual-sport athletes: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Solé, S., Ramírez‐Campillo, R., Andrade, D. C., & Sánchez-Sánchez, J. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.11004 · Cited by 48
Muscle strength and executive function in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder
Ludyga, S., Pühse, U., Gerber, M., & Mücke, M. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2587 · Cited by 61
Changes in Physical Fitness during COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown among Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study
Zhou, T., Zhai, X., Wu, N., Koriyama, S., Wang, D., Jin, Y., Li, W., Sawada, S. S., & Xiang, F. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10020351 · Cited by 50
“Previous studies indicated that obesity and low physical fitness levels in adolescence were associated with cardiovascular risks and bone health in adulthood [18,19].”
Background
Physical fitness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results of annual national physical fitness surveillance among 16,647,699 Japanese children and adolescents between 2013 and 2021
Kidokoro, T., Tomkinson, G. R., Lang, J. J., & Suzuki, K. (2022) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2022.11.002 · Cited by 46
Comparative effectiveness of school-based exercise interventions on physical fitness in children and adolescents: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Wu, J., Yang, Y., Zhang, J., Yu, H., 李立强, & Sun, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1194779 · Cited by 75
“Maximum muscular strength, muscular power, and endurance are potentially correlated with cardiovascular variables and the future health of children and adolescents (100).”
Background
Health-Related Criterion-Referenced Cut-Points for Musculoskeletal Fitness Among Youth: A Systematic Review
Fraser, B. J., Rollo, S., Sampson, M., Magnussen, C. G., Lang, J. J., Tremblay, M. S., & Tomkinson, G. R. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01524-8 · Cited by 50
Normal-Weight Obesity Is Associated with Poorer Cardiometabolic Profile and Lower Physical Fitness Levels in Children and Adolescents
García‐Hermoso, A., Agostinis‐Sobrinho, C., Villalba, G. E. C., Jiménez, N. M. G., Izquierdo, M., Correa‐Bautista, J. E., & Ramírez‐Vélez, R. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12041171 · Cited by 45
“Specifically, a low level of muscular fitness is recognized as a marker of poor cardiometabolic and adipose tissue function during childhood and adolescence, and also in later life [8].”
Background
Does A Multiple-Sport Intervention Based on the TGfU Pedagogical Model for Physical Education Increase Physical Fitness in Primary School Children?
Cocca, A., Baca, J. E. C., Hernández-Cruz, G., & Cocca, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17155532 · Cited by 41
Strength Training to Prevent Falls in Older Adults: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Claudino, J. G., Afonso, J. R., Sarvestan, J., Lanza, M. B., Pennone, J., Filho, C. A. C., Serrão, J. C., Espregueira‐Mendes, J., Vasconcelos, A. L. V., de Andrade, M. P., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10143184 · Cited by 53
Efficacy of school‐based interventions for improving muscular fitness outcomes in children: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Villa‐González, E., Barranco-Ruíz, Y., García‐Hermoso, A., & Faigenbaum, A. D. (2022) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2022.2029578 · Cited by 57
Effects of Olympic Combat Sports on Older Adults’ Health Status: A Systematic Review
Valdés-Badilla, P. A., Herrera-Valenzuela, T., Ramírez‐Campillo, R., Aedo–Muñoz, E., Martín, E. B.-S., Ojeda-Aravena, A., & Branco, B. H. M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18147381 · Cited by 53
“Pre- and post-intervention means and standard deviations (SDs) for dependent variables were used after being converted to Hedges’s g effect size (ES) [28,29].”
Method
Perceived Physical Literacy Is Associated with Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Body Composition and Physical Activity Levels in Secondary School Students
Nezondet, C., Gandrieau, J., Nguyen, P., & Zunquin, G. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10040712 · Cited by 42
Effects of jump training on physical fitness and athletic performance in endurance runners: A meta-analysis
Ramírez‐Campillo, R., Andrade, D. C., García‐Pinillos, F., Negra, Y., Boullosa, D. A., & Moran, J. (2021) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2021.1916261 · Cited by 41
“, 2003), we conducted meta-analyses only when three or more studies provided data for the aforementioned physical fitness outcomes (Garcia-Hermoso et al., 2019; Moran et al., 2018; Skrede et al., 2019).”
Method
Adherence to Mediterranean Diet Related with Physical Fitness and Physical Activity in Schoolchildren Aged 6–13
López‐Gil, J. F., Brazo‐Sayavera, J., García‐Hermoso, A., & Lucas, J. L. Y. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12020567 · Cited by 40
“Likewise, the association between PF and some metabolic risk factors in children, adolescents, and adults has been well described in previous researches [3,4].”
Background
Impact of Parental Education and Physical Activity on the Long-Term Development of the Physical Fitness of Primary School Children: An Observational Study
Ruedl, G., Niedermeier, M., Wimmer, L., Ploner, V., Pocecco, E., Cocca, A., & Greier, K. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18168736 · Cited by 49
“High physical fitness at young age is associated with reduced risk of being overweight or obese in adolescence [24] and low physical fitness in children and adolescents is associated with adiposity, lower cardiometabolic health, and lower bone health in later life [25].”
Background
Effects of aerobic exercise combined with resistance training on health-related physical fitness in adolescents: A randomized controlled trial
Mendonça, F. R., de Faria, W. F., da Silva, J. M., Massuto, R. B., dos Santos, G. C., Corrêa, R. C., dos Santos, C. F., Sasaki, J. E., & Neto, A. S. (2022) · Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness · doi:10.1016/j.jesf.2022.03.002 · Cited by 53
The relationship between digit ratio ( 2D : 4D ) and muscular fitness: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Pasanen, B. E., Tomkinson, J. M., Dufner, T. J., Park, C. W., Fitzgerald, J. S., & Tomkinson, G. R. (2021) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23657 · Cited by 38
“…measure of overall strength capacity (Bohannon et al., 2012; Wind et al., 2010), and is an important indicator of good health across the lifespan (García-Hermoso et al., 2019; McGrath et al., 2018; Ortega et al., 2012; Smith et al., 2014; Soysal et al., 2021) as well as sports/athletic…”
Background
Physical Fitness Surveillance and Monitoring Systems Inventory for Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review with a Global Perspective
Brazo‐Sayavera, J., da Silva, D. R. P., Lang, J. J., Tomkinson, G. R., Agostinis‐Sobrinho, C., Andersen, L. B., García‐Hermoso, A., Gaya, A. R., Jurak, G., Lee, E., et al. (2024) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-024-02038-9 · Cited by 37
Resistance Exercise for the Prevention and Treatment of Pediatric Dynapenia
Faigenbaum, A. D., Rebullido, T. R., Peña, J., & Chulvi‐Medrano, I. (2019) · Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1007/s42978-019-00038-0 · Cited by 41
May the Force Be with Youth: Foundational Strength for Lifelong Development
Faigenbaum, A. D., Ratamess, N. A., Kang, J., Bush, J. A., & Rebullido, T. R. (2023) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1249/jsr.0000000000001122 · Cited by 38
Cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness associations with older adolescent cognitive control
Shigeta, T. T., Leahy, A. A., Smith, J. J., Eather, N., Lubans, D. R., & Hillman, C. H. (2020) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2020.05.004 · Cited by 39
“, muscle strength, endurance, and power) can benefit indices of health in both children and adolescents.(10,12) The benefits of physical fitness have also been extended to cognitive and brain health.”
Background
The use of real-time monitoring during flywheel resistance training programmes: how can we measure eccentric overload? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Muñoz‐López, A., Fonseca, F. D. S., Ramírez‐Campillo, R., Gantois, P., Nuñez, F. J., & Nakamura, F. Y. (2021) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5114/biolsport.2021.101602 · Cited by 36
“The studies were considered as being of “excellent” (9–10 points), “good” (6–8 points), “fair” (4–5 points), or “poor” methodological quality ( ≤ 3 points)[43].”
Profiling children longitudinally: A three‐year follow‐up study of perceived and actual motor competence and physical fitness
Estevan, I., Menescardi, C., García‐Massó, X., Barnett, L. M., & Molina‐García, J. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13731 · Cited by 35
What is the role of adherence to 24‐hour movement guidelines in relation to physical fitness components among adolescents?
Tapia‐Serrano, M. Á., López‐Gil, J. F., Sevil‐Serrano, J., García‐Hermoso, A., & Miguel, P. A. S. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.14357 · Cited by 35
A Meta-Analytical Comparison of the Effects of Small-Sided Games vs. Running-Based High-Intensity Interval Training on Soccer Players’ Repeated-Sprint Ability
Clemente, F. M., Ramírez‐Campillo, R., Afonso, J. R., Sarmento, H., Rosemann, T. J., & Knechtle, B. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052781 · Cited by 40
The effect of an online exercise programme on bone health in paediatric cancer survivors (iBoneFIT): study protocol of a multi-centre randomized controlled trial
Gil-Cosano, J. J., Ubago‐Guisado, E., Sánchez, M., Ortega-Acosta, M. J., Mateos, M. E., Benito, A. I., Llorente‐Cantarero, F. J., Ortega, F. B., Ruiz, J. R., Labayen, I., et al. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09607-3 · Cited by 33
“A recent longitudinal review showed that higher levels of muscular fitness in childhood and adolescent were associated with higher aBMD later in life [101].”
Background
Neuromusculoskeletal Health in Pediatric Obesity: Incorporating Evidence into Clinical Examination
O’Malley, G., Shultz, S. P., Thivel, D., & Tsiros, M. D. (2021) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-021-00463-9 · Cited by 36
Weight Status Is Related to Health-Related Physical Fitness and Physical Activity but Not to Sedentary Behaviour in Children
López‐Gil, J. F., Brazo‐Sayavera, J., Lucas, J. L. Y., & Cavichiolli, F. R. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17124518 · Cited by 35
“Moreover, some studies have reported a negative association between excess body fat and some parameters of health-related PF, such as CRF [9,10] or muscular fitness [11,12].”
Background
Can complex contrast training interventions improve aerobic endurance, maximal strength, and repeated sprint ability in soccer players? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Thapa, R. K., Narvariya, P., Weldon, A., Talukdar, K., & Ramírez‐Campillo, R. (2022) · Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine · doi:10.26773/mjssm.220906 · Cited by 32
The Effects of Exclusively Resistance Training-Based Supervised Programs in People with Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Carneiro, L., Afonso, J., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Murawska-Ciałowciz, E., Marques, A., & Clemente, F. M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17186715 · Cited by 31
“The analysis and interpretation of results in this SRMA were only conducted if at least three study groups provided baseline and follow-up data for the same measure [41].”
Method
Health-related physical fitness indicators and clustered cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents: A longitudinal study
da Silva, P. R., dos Santos, G. C., da Silva, J. M., de Faria, W. F., de Oliveira, R. G., & Neto, A. S. (2020) · Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness · doi:10.1016/j.jesf.2020.06.002 · Cited by 30
Change in physical fitness due to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in French adolescents: a comparison between two independent large samples from Diagnoform battery
Béghin, L., Thivel, D., Baudelet, J., Deschamps, T., Ovigneur, H., & Vanhelst, J. (2022) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-022-04610-9 · Cited by 30
“The authors showed that low muscular strength and CRF in adolescence are strongly associated with risk factors for major causes of death in adulthood [4, 5].”
BackgroundInfluential
Back pain in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study
Azevedo, N., Ribeiro, J. C., & Machado, L. J. (2023) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-023-07751-z · Cited by 30
Normative health‐related fitness values for French children: The Diagnoform Programme
Vanhelst, J., Ternynck, C., Ovigneur, H., & Deschamps, T. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13607 · Cited by 29
Effects of Upper-Body Plyometric Training on Physical Fitness in Healthy Youth and Young Adult Participants: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
García-Carrillo, E., Ramírez‐Campillo, R., Thapa, R. K., Afonso, J. R., Granacher, U., & Izquierdo, M. (2023) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-023-00631-2 · Cited by 41
“However, meta-analyses were performed if ≥ 3 studies were available due to the reduced number of participants commonly included in plyometric training studies [65–67].”
Method
Effects of a physical education intervention on children’s physical activity and fitness: the PROFIT pilot study
Reis, L. N., Reuter, C. P., Burns, R. D., Martins, C., Mota, J. A. P. S., Gaya, A. C. A., Silveira, J. F. D. C., & Gaya, A. R. (2024) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-024-04544-1 · Cited by 42
SmartCHANGE: AI-based long-term health risk evaluation for driving behaviour change strategies in children and youth
Reščič, N., Alberts, J. W., Altenburg, T. M., Chinapaw, M. J. M., Nigro, A. D., Fenoglio, D., Gjoreski, M., Gradišek, A., Jurak, G., Kiourtis, A., et al. (2023) · International Conference on Applied Mathematics & Computer Science (ICAMCS) · doi:10.1109/icamcs59110.2023.00020 · Cited by 28
“These risk factors often occur together and can interact to increase the risk of NCDs. Adopting a healthy lifestyle can enhance physical, social, and mental well-being, particularly among young individuals, while minimising the risks of morbidity and mortality associated with NCDs, [2], [3], [4].”
Background
Feasibility and content validity of the PERF-FIT test battery to assess movement skills, agility and power among children in low-resource settings
Smits-Engelsman, B. C. M., Bonney, E., Neto, J. L. C., & Jelsma, D. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09236-w · Cited by 28
Longitudinal associations of physical fitness and body mass index with academic performance
García‐Hermoso, A., Martínez‐Gómez, D., Fernández‐Santos, J. R., Ortega, F. B., Castro‐Piñero, J., Hillman, C. H., Veiga, Ó. L., & Esteban‐Cornejo, I. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13817 · Cited by 28
Motor performance and back pain in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol
Noll, M. A., Wedderkopp, N., Mendonça, C. R., & Kjær, P. (2020) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-020-01468-6 · Cited by 29
“Motor performance components are essential to psychological and social development in children and adolescents [26] and have been recognized as an important determinant of current and future health status [27, 28].”
Background
Body composition adaptations to lower-body plyometric training: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Ramírez‐Campillo, R., García‐Pinillos, F., Nikolaidis, P. Τ., Clemente, F. M., Gentil, P., & García‐Hermoso, A. (2021) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5114/biolsport.2022.104916 · Cited by 32
“For analysis and interpretation of results, meta-analyses were conducted if at least three studies provided effect sizes for the same parameter [29, 34, 35].”
Method
Effectiveness of an adapted physical activity intervention on health-related physical fitness in adolescents with intellectual disability: a randomized controlled trial
Sun, Y., Yu, S., Wang, A., Chan, H. C.-K., Ou, A. Y. T., Zhang, D., Xie, Y. J., Fong, S. S. M., & Gao, Y. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-26024-1 · Cited by 26
The epidemiology of muscle-strengthening activity among adolescents from 28 European countries
Bennie, J. A., Faulkner, G., & Smith, J. J. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/14034948211031392 · Cited by 31
“[8] García-hermoso A, ramírez-Campillo r and Izquierdo M.”
Secular trends in physical fitness of Slovenian boys and girls aged 7 to 15 years from 1989 to 2019: a population-based study
Radulović, A., Jurak, G., Leskošek, B., Starc, G., & Blagus, R. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-14813-7 · Cited by 26
Jump rope training effects on health- and sport-related physical fitness in young participants: A systematic review with meta-analysis
Singh, U., Ramachandran, A. K., Ramírez‐Campillo, R., Pérez‐Castilla, A., Afonso, J. R., Clemente, F. M., & Oliver, J. L. (2022) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2022.2099161 · Cited by 30
“The ability to carry out daily tasks and perform physical activities in a highly functional state (i.e., physical fitness) is an important marker of current and future health status (Cadenas-Sanchez et al., 2021; Garcia-Hermoso et al., 2019).”
BackgroundInfluential
Feasibility and Reliability of Physical Fitness Tests among Colombian Preschool Children
Amado-Pacheco, J., Prieto‐Benavides, D. H., Correa‐Bautista, J. E., García‐Hermoso, A., Agostinis‐Sobrinho, C., Alonso-Martínez, A. M., Izquierdo, M., & Ramírez‐Vélez, R. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16173069 · Cited by 24
The Effects of Resistance Training on Blood Pressure in Preadolescents and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Guillem, C. M., Loaiza-Betancur, A. F., Rebullido, T. R., Faigenbaum, A. D., & Chulvi‐Medrano, I. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17217900 · Cited by 28
“RT is an evidence-based preventative exercise intervention strategy that can promote health and well-being through the life course [37,38].”
Background
Epidemiology of Sports-Related Clavicle Fractures in the United States: Injuries From 2015 to 2019
Twomey-Kozak, J. N., Whitlock, K. G., O’Donnell, J. A., Klifto, C. S., & Anakwenze, O. A. (2022) · Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/23259671221126553 · Cited by 25

Authors: García-Hermoso, A., Ramírez-Campillo, R., & Izquierdo, M.
ORCID: García-Hermoso, Antonio
Ramírez-Campillo, Rodrigo
Izquierdo, Mikel
Venue: Sports Medicine
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2019-04-05
Volume: 49
Issue: 7
Pages: 1079-1094
ISSN: 0112-1642 (ISSN-L)
1179-2035
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01098-6
OpenAlex: W2935554824
Cited by: 512
References: 82
Citations by year: 2026: 45 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 81 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 93 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 14
FWCI: 7.46
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Academica-e (Universidad Pública de Navarra) (acceptedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Children's Physical and Motor Development
Keywords: muscular fitness, childhood, adolescence, body mass index, adiposity, cardiometabolic health, insulin resistance, triglycerides, cardiovascular risk, bone mineral density, musculoskeletal health, low back pain, grip strength, sit-ups, standing long jump, skinfold thickness
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Anthropometry, Child, Health Status, Humans, Physical Fitness, Bone Density, Body Mass Index, Adiposity, Muscle Strength

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Is Muscular Fitness Associated with Future Health Benefits in Children and Adolescents? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies

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