Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020)
Open accessAbstract
China is experiencing significant public health challenges related to social and demographic transitions and lifestyle transformations following unprecedented economic reforms four decades ago. Of particular public health concern is the fourfold increase in overweight and obesity rates in the nation’s youth population, coupled with the low prevalence of adolescents meeting recommended levels of physical activity. Improving the overall health of China’s more than 170 million children and adolescents has become a national priority. However, advancing nationwide health initiatives and physical activity promotion in this population has been hampered by the lack of a population-specific and culturally relevant consensus on recommendations for achieving these ends. To address this deficiency and inform policies to achieve Healthy China 2030 goals, a panel of Chinese experts, complemented by international professionals, developed this consensus statement. The consensus was achieved through an iterative process that began with a literature search from electronic databases; in-depth reviews, conducted by a steering committee, of the resulting articles; and panel group evaluations and discussions in the form of email correspondence, conference calls and written communications. Ultimately, the panel agreed on 10 major themes with strong scientific evidence that, in children and adolescents aged 6–17, participating in moderate to vigorous physical activities led to multiple positive health outcomes. Our consensus statement also (1) highlights major challenges in promoting physical activity, (2) identifies future research that addresses current knowledge gaps, and (3) provides recommendations for teachers, education experts, parents and policymakers for promoting physical activity among Chinese school-aged children and adolescents. This consensus statement aligns with international efforts to develop global physical activity guidelines to promote physical activity and health and prevent lifestyle-related diseases in children and adolescents. More importantly, it provides a foundation for developing culturally appropriate and effective physical activity interventions, health promotion strategies and policy initiatives to improve the health of Chinese children and adolescents.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This expert consensus statement synthesizes evidence and provides recommendations on physical activity and health for Chinese children and adolescents aged 6–17, developed by a steering committee and expanded expert panel. It concludes that 60+ min/day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity yields multiple health benefits and calls for culturally relevant policies and interventions, while noting limited high-quality China-based evidence.
Key findings
- The panel agreed on 10 major themes with strong scientific evidence that, in children and adolescents aged 6–17, moderate to vigorous physical activity leads to multiple positive health outcomes; guidelines recommend ≥60 min/day, including aerobic, muscle-strengthening and bone-strengthening activities at least 3 days/week.
- Physical activity levels are low in Chinese youth: less than a quarter (22%) engage in daily physical activity lasting 60 min or more; 85.8% engage in sedentary behaviours longer than 2 hours/day; only 15%–34% meet recommended physical activity guidelines; only 3 in 10 achieve an “excellent” or “good” national physical fitness rating; and only 0.5% have ideal cardiovascular health.
- Overweight and obesity increased fourfold between 1995 and 2014, with around 1 in 5 children and adolescents overweight or obese; 35%–37% reported more than 2 hours/day of screen time in 2016–2017; projected childhood overweight/obesity prevalence is 28% (or 49.5 million children) by 2030.
- The consensus highlights challenges and barriers, research gaps, and messages for teachers, education experts, parents and policymakers, including limiting recreational and non-school screen time to no more than 2 hours/day and creating supportive environments for physical activity.
Methods
- A steering committee (n=4) conducted a literature search and review, identified key topic areas and drafted the initial consensus; an expanded panel of experts (n=16) reviewed it, with iterative email exchanges, conference calls and written communications, and the final version incorporated input from all participating members.
- Electronic database searches (EBSCO, CNKI, PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, SinoMed and Web of Science; no publication-date restrictions) yielded 17,851 potential articles; 81 articles were included. The main search was conducted on 1 January 2019, and the latest search on 25 February 2020. Studies on children with chronic disease conditions or disabilities were excluded.
- The consensus used an expert consensus development approach involving group decision-making, selecting individual studies, systematic reviews, consensus statements and meta-analyses based on the steering committee’s best judgement.
Limitations
- Stated: there were limited high-quality Chinese-based studies and a paucity of research in certain health areas, so evidence was drawn primarily from international studies predominantly based on Caucasian populations.
- Stated: the consensus is based on the panel’s best judgement rather than a quantitative synthesis such as meta-analysis; future updates should consider the GRADE process. It focuses on Chinese school-aged children and adolescents without disabling conditions and does not offer consensus for those with physical disabilities; limitations in available evidence may restrict absolute conclusions.
- Evident from the text: many themes rely on “some evidence,” “preliminary evidence,” “insufficient evidence” or inconsistent findings (for example, physical activity and overweight/obesity independent of calorie intake, and school/community-based obesity prevention), so the strength of evidence varies across recommendations.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 168 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Premisecitation
Only 3 in 10 Chinese students achieve an 'excellent' or 'good' rating in national physical fitness standards.
“with only 3 in 10 students achieving an ‘excellent’ or ‘good’ rating in national physical fitness standards18”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] Zhu, 2017, Prevalence of physical fitness in Chinese school-aged children: findings from the 2016 physical activity and fitness in China-The youth study, J Sport Health Sci source
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- Premisecitation
There is a general downward trend in daily physical activity lasting 60 min or more among Chinese school students.
“with a general downward trend15”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] Ao, 2019, Trends in physical fitness among 12-year-old children in urban and rural areas during the social transformation period in China, J Adolesc Health source
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- Premisecitation
A large proportion of children and youth, including those living in low and middle-income countries, are either sedentary or not achieving recommended levels of physical activity.
“a large proportion of children and youth, including those living in low and middle-income countries, are either sedentary or not achieving recommended levels of physical activity.8–11”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [8] Vancampfort, 2019, Correlates of physical activity among 142,118 adolescents aged 12-15 years from 48 low- and middle-income countries, Prev Med source
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- cites [9] Tremblay, 2016, Global matrix 2.0: report card grades on the physical activity of children and youth comparing 38 countries, J Phys Act Health source
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- cites [11] Guthold, 2020, Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1·6 million participants, Lancet Child Adolesc Health source
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- Premisecitation
85.8% of Chinese school students engage in sedentary behaviours longer than 2 hours per day.
“85.8% engage in sedentary behaviours longer than 2 hours per day,16”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [16] Song, 2019, Physical activity and sedentary behavior among Chinese children aged 6-17 years: a cross-sectional analysis of 2010-2012 China National Nutrition and health survey, BMC Public Health source
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- Premisecitation
There is an extremely low prevalence (0.5%) of ideal cardiovascular health among Chinese children and adolescents as reflected by seven health metrics.
“Overall, there is an extremely low prevalence (0.5%) of ideal cardiovascular health as reflected by seven health metrics, namely smoking, body mass index (BMI), dietary intake, physical activity, blood pressure, blood glucose and total cholesterol.21”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] Yan, 2019, Cardiovascular health in urban Chinese children and adolescents, Ann Med source
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- Interpretationcitation
Sedentary behaviour longer than 2 hours per day leads to a decline in physical fitness among Chinese school students.
“leading to a decline in physical fitness,17”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [17] Dong, 2019, Trends in physical fitness, growth, and nutritional status of Chinese children and adolescents: a retrospective analysis of 1·5 million students from six successive national surveys between 1985 and 2014, Lancet Child Adolesc Health source
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- Premisecitation
The prevalence globally of children and adolescents performing activities that lead to aerobic conditioning, muscle strengthening, bone building and brain function improvement, as well as the reduction of stress and depression, remains low.
“the prevalence globally of children and adolescents performing activities that lead to aerobic conditioning, muscle strengthening, bone building and brain function improvement, as well as the reduction of stress and depression, remains low,6 7”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 6 7
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- Premisecitation
An active level of physical activity or healthy aerobic fitness during early childhood is likely to be associated with better health outcomes in adulthood.
“an active level of physical activity or healthy aerobic fitness during early childhood is likely to be associated with better health outcomes in adulthood.5”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] source
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- Premisecitation
Less than a quarter (22%) of Chinese school students engage in any type of daily physical activity that lasts 60 min or more.
“less than a quarter (22%) of school students engage in any type of daily physical activity that lasts 60 min or more,14”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] Zhang, 2012, Analysis of current situation of physical activity and influencing factors in Chinese primary and middle school students in 2010, Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi
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- Interpretationreasoning
The persistent trend in low levels of physical activity and achievement in meeting physical fitness standards among Chinese children and adolescents has contributed to an associated epidemic of obesity.
“The persistent trend in low levels of physical activity and achievement in meeting physical fitness standards among Chinese children and adolescents has been accompanied by a high prevalence of sedentary behaviours exhibited outside school environments, a situation made worse by excess dietary calorie intake, and has contributed to an associated epidemic of obesity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Between 2016 and 2017, 35%−37% of Chinese children and adolescents reported spending more than 2 hours per day on electronic screens.
“Nationally, between 2016 and 2017, 35%−37% of children and adolescents reported spending more than 2 hours per day on electronic screens (ie, the amount of time spent interacting with TVs, computers, smartphones, digital tablets and video games),20 22”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 20 22
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- Premisecitation
Only 15%-34% of Chinese children and adolescents meet recommended physical activity guidelines.
“only 15%–34% meet recommended physical activity guidelines.11 19 20”
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- Interpretationnone given
In children and adolescents aged 6-17, participating in moderate to vigorous physical activities leads to multiple positive health outcomes.
“Ultimately, the panel agreed on 10 major themes with strong scientific evidence that, in children and adolescents aged 6–17, participating in moderate to vigorous physical activities led to multiple positive”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
School-aged children and adolescents who have high BMIs and excessive body weights are known to be at high risk of developing cardiovascular, metabolic and musculoskeletal diseases.
“school-aged children and adolescents who have high BMIs and excessive body weights are known to be at high risk of developing other health problems, including cardiovascular, metabolic and musculoskeletal diseases,25”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [25] source
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- Interpretationcitation
If not addressed in a timely way, the crisis of low physical activity and obesity will undermine China's target goal of having 50% of its youth achieve 'excellent' performance in physical fitness by 2022 and 60% by 2030.
“If not addressed in a timely way, this crisis will undermine China’s target goal of having 50% of its youth achieve ‘excellent’ performance in physical fitness by 2022 and 60% by 2030.35”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [35] The State Council . The People’s Republic of China. Outline of the “Healthy China 2030” Plan, 2016. Available: http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2016-10/25/content_5124174.htm [Accessed 4 May 2020].
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- Premisecitation
School-aged children and adolescents who have high BMIs and excessive body weights are known to be at high risk of developing depression.
“as well as depression.26”
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- Interpretationcitation
It is projected that the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity in China will reach 28% (or 49.5 million children) by 2030.
“It is projected that the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity will reach 28% (or 49.5 million children) by 2030.24”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [24] Ma G . Report on children obesity. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House Co, 2017.
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- Premisecitation
Chinese children and adolescents bear the mounting health burden of non-communicable disease risk factors.
“This population also bears the mounting health burden of non-communicable disease risk factors,27–29”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Chinese children and adolescents have a high prevalence of depressive symptoms or major depressive disorders.
“has a high prevalence of depressive symptoms or major depressive disorders30–32”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [30] Tang, 2019, Prevalence of depressive symptoms among adolescents in secondary school in mainland China: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Affect Disord source
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- cites [31] Rao, 2019, Prevalence of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents in China: a meta-analysis of observational studies, Psychiatry Res source
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- cites [32] DD, 2018, Prevalence of major depressive disorder in children and adolescents in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Affec Disord source
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- Interpretationcitation
A high level of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in childhood may play an important role in protecting health later in life.
“A high level of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in childhood may play an important role in protecting health later in life.5”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] source
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- Interpretationcitation
An average of at least 60 min of moderate-intensity physical activity per day promotes the overall health of children and adolescents.
“An average of at least 60 min of moderate-intensity physical activity per day promotes the overall health of children and adolescents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 3 52 53
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- Interpretationcitation
Being sedentary or engaging only in light-intensity physical activity can contribute to the development of adverse health conditions among children and adolescents.
“In contrast, being sedentary or engaging only in light-intensity physical activity can contribute to the development of adverse health conditions among children and adolescents3 56”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 3 56
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- Interpretationcitation
With excess calorie intake, being sedentary or engaging only in light-intensity physical activity can lead to a positive energy balance contributing to overweight and obesity.
“With excess calorie intake, it can also lead to a positive energy balance57 contributing to overweight and obesity, which are risk factors for type 2 diabetes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [57] Tam, 2012, Energy balance: an overview with emphasis on children, Pediatr Blood Cancer source
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- Interpretationcitation
During childhood and adolescence, it is necessary to engage in weight-bearing physical activities, such as running and jumping, in order to attain peak bone mass and maintain healthy bone mineral accrual.
“During childhood and adolescence, it is necessary to engage in weight-bearing physical activities, such as running and jumping, in order to attain peak bone mass and maintain healthy bone mineral accrual.64–67”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked - Premisecitation
Adolescents who have low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness have an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (high cholesterol, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, impaired glucose levels, increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome) in comparison to moderately fit and highly fit adolescents.
“Adolescents who have low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness have an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (ie, high cholesterol, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, impaired glucose levels, increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome) in comparison to moderately fit and highly fit adolescents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [58] source
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- Interpretationcitation
Being physically active contributes to the physical, cognitive, social and emotional well-being of children and adolescents.
“Being physically active is essential because it contributes to the physical, cognitive, social and emotional well-being of children and adolescents3 52 53”
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- Interpretationcitation
By replacing sedentary time and/or light-intensity physical activity with moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activity, children and adolescents may lower cardiometabolic risk factors, including waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, fasting high and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin and glucose.
“There is evidence to suggest that by replacing sedentary time and/or light-intensity physical activity with moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activity, children and adolescents may lower cardiometabolic risk factors, including waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, fasting high and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin and glucose.61”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [61] Hansen, 2018, Cross-Sectional Associations of Reallocating Time Between Sedentary and Active Behaviours on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Young People: An International Children’s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Analysis, Sports Med source
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- Premisecitation
Adolescents who have low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and positive energy balance are more likely to be overweight or obese compared with those with moderate or high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness.
“In addition, adolescents who have low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and positive energy balance are more likely to be overweight or obese compared with those with moderate or high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness.58”
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- Interpretationcitation
Being physically active increases the odds that children and adolescents will stay physically active and healthy during adulthood.
“and increases the odds that they will stay physically active and healthy during adulthood.54 55”
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- Premisecitation
Children and adolescents who engage in moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activity have better cardiometabolic health (systolic blood pressure, lipoprotein, glucose and insulin levels) independent of the amount of their sedentary time.
“Children and adolescents who engage in moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activity have better cardiometabolic health (ie, systolic blood pressure, lipoprotein, glucose and insulin levels) independent of the amount of their sedentary time.59”
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- Premisecitation
There is a moderate negative association between walking, measured by pedometers, and decreased adiposity.
“There is a moderate negative association between walking, measured by pedometers, and decreased adiposity85”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [85] García-Hermoso, 2019, Exercise, health outcomes, and pædiatric obesity: a systematic review of meta-analyses, J Sci Med Sport source
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Being physically active and physically fit is positively associated with brain structure and function in children with high cardiorespiratory fitness levels (as shown in higher VO2max).
“Being physically active and physically fit is positively associated with brain structure and function in children with high cardiorespiratory fitness levels (as shown in higher VO2max).”
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- Premisecitation
Children and adolescents with better muscular fitness (eg, gained through exercises involving hand grip, standing, long jump and sit-ups) were shown to have better health outcomes (ie, lower levels of BMI and body fat, improvement in insulin resistance and lower levels of cardiovascular disease risk) in later life.
“Children and adolescents with better muscular fitness (eg, gained through exercises involving hand grip, standing, long jump and sit-ups) were shown to have better health outcomes (ie, lower levels of BMI and body fat, improvement in insulin resistance and lower levels of cardiovascular disease risk) in later life.68”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [68] García-Hermoso, 2019, Is muscular fitness associated with future health benefits in children and adolescents? A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies, Sports Med source
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- Premisecitation
Among children and adolescents who are either overweight or obese, evidence suggests that exercise interventions (without dietary change) may have desirable effects on body composition (body mass, BMI, central obesity and fat mass).
“Among children and adolescents who are either overweight or obese, evidence suggests that exercise interventions (without dietary change) may have desirable effects on body composition (body mass, BMI, central obesity and fat mass).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [85] García-Hermoso, 2019, Exercise, health outcomes, and pædiatric obesity: a systematic review of meta-analyses, J Sci Med Sport source
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Among children and adolescents who are either overweight or obese, exercise interventions (without dietary change) have shown benefits for cardiometabolic and vascular health as well as cardiorespiratory fitness.
“Additionally, benefits of exercise interventions have been shown for cardiometabolic and vascular health as well as cardiorespiratory fitness.85”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [85] García-Hermoso, 2019, Exercise, health outcomes, and pædiatric obesity: a systematic review of meta-analyses, J Sci Med Sport source
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- Premisecitation
Among physical activity interventions, the effects of physical activity independent of dietary changes on measures indicative of weight reduction (eg, BMI, total fat, abdominal fat) tend to be in the small range.
“Among physical activity interventions, the effects of physical activity independent of dietary changes on measures indicative of weight reduction (eg, BMI, total fat, abdominal fat) tend to be in the small range.2”
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- Premisecitation
The association between physical activity and overweight/obesity tends to be stronger when moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activities are performed.
“The association with overweight/obesity tends to be stronger when moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activities are performed.2”
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A handful of exercise intervention studies (n=11) indicates that moderate to high-impact activities (jumping, load bearing, resistance and ball game activity) performed at least 3 days a week can have a modest effect on bone mineral density.
“A handful of exercise intervention studies (n=11) indicates that moderate to high-impact activities (jumping, load bearing, resistance and ball game activity) performed at least 3 days a week can have a modest effect on bone mineral density.68 69”
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There is a moderate negative association between skill building and game-based activities and body composition.
“and between skill building and game-based activities and body composition.86”
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- Interpretationnone given
There is insufficient evidence to draw firm conclusions on whether either school or community-based interventions employing low to vigorous intensities of physical activity are effective for preventing obesity.
“There is insufficient evidence to draw firm conclusions on whether either school or community-based interventions employing low to vigorous intensities of physical activity are effective for preventing obesity.”
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Engagement in moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activity both on weekdays and on weekends is associated with better academic performance among Chinese primary school students.
“Engagement in moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activity both on weekdays and on weekends is associated with better academic performance among Chinese primary school students.81”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [81] Zhang, 2019, Social-emotional functioning explains the effects of physical activity on academic performance among Chinese primary school students: a mediation analysis, J Pediatr source
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- Premisecitation
Children and adolescents who have high levels of perceived competence, self-efficacy and access to physical activity/sports/recreational facilities are likely to participate in physical activity.
“Among many salient factors, children and adolescents who have high levels of perceived competence, self-efficacy and access to physical activity/sports/recreational facilities are likely to participate in physical activity.95 96”
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There is some preliminary evidence that children (5-12 years old) following a year-round school calendar may benefit from experiencing less weight gain.
“There is also some preliminary evidence that children (5–12 years old) following a year-round school calendar may benefit from experiencing less weight gain.90”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [90] Weaver, 2020, The potential of a year-round school calendar for maintaining children"s weight status and fitness: preliminary outcomes from a natural experiment, J Sport Health Sci source
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- Premisecitation
Associations between physical activity and mental health outcomes are generally weak in terms of effect sizes.
“Associations between physical activity and mental health outcomes, however, are generally weak in terms of effect sizes.”
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Physical activity is associated with better mental health among children and adolescents.
“There is evidence that physical activity is associated with better mental health whereas sedentary behaviours (such as screen time) are associated with poorer mental health among children and adolescents.56 91–93”
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When parents reduce their own sedentary behaviours (including screen time), their children may decrease their screen time.
“There is some evidence to suggest that when parents reduce their own sedentary behaviours (including screen time), their children may decrease their screen time.105”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [105] Xu, 2015, Associations of parental influences with physical activity and screen time among young children: a systematic review, J Obes source
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- Premisecitation
There is consistent evidence of various environmental influences on the physical activity levels of children and adolescents.
“There is consistent evidence of various environmental influences on the physical activity levels of children and adolescents.109–112”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [109] An, 2019, Impact of built environment on physical activity and obesity among children and adolescents in China: a narrative systematic review, J Sport Health Sci source
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- Premisecitation
Sedentary behaviours (such as screen time) are associated with poorer mental health among children and adolescents.
“There is evidence that physical activity is associated with better mental health whereas sedentary behaviours (such as screen time) are associated with poorer mental health among children and adolescents.56 91–93”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked - Premisecitation
Perceived psychological factors impact the physical activity behaviours of children and adolescents.
“A host of perceived psychological factors impact the physical activity behaviours of children and adolescents.94”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [94] Sallis, 2000, A review of correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise source
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- Premisecitation
In China, there is a positive association between various forms of parental support, including parental encouragement, accompaniment, financial support, involvement, and role modelling, and high levels of physical activity participation among children and adolescents.
“Evidence from China indicates that there is a positive association between various forms of parental support, including parental encouragement, accompaniment, financial support, involvement, and role modelling, and high levels of physical activity participation among children and adolescents.106–108”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [106] Lu, 2017, Factors of physical activity among Chinese children and adolescents: a systematic review, Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act source
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- cites [107] Liu, 2017, Associations between parental support for physical activity and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity among Chinese school children: a cross-sectional study, J Sport Health Sci source
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- cites [108] Wang, 2015, Family influences on physical activity and sedentary behaviours in Chinese junior high school students: a cross-sectional study, BMC Public Health source
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- Premisecitation
Encouragement and modelling by peers, friends and parents are factors that motivate children and adolescents to participate in physical activity or achieve recommended levels of physical activity.
“Encouragement and modelling by peers, friends and parents are factors that motivate children and adolescents to participate in physical activity or achieve recommended levels of physical activity.97–104”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 8 sources checked- cites [97] Laird, 2016, The role of social support on physical activity behavior in adolescent girls: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act source
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- cites [98] Yao CA , Rhodes RE . Parental correlates in child and adolescent physical activity: a meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2015;12.doi:10.1186/s12966-015-0163-y source
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- Premisecitation
The effects of interventions using accelerometers to increase the overall physical activity of children and adolescents are generally reported to be negligible or small for moderate or vigorous-intensity physical activity interventions, regardless of age, BMI (overweight/obese) or implementation setting (home/family or school).
“However, the effects of interventions using accelerometers to increase the overall physical activity of children and adolescents are generally reported to be negligible or small for moderate or vigorous-intensity physical activity interventions, regardless of age, BMI (overweight/obese) or implementation setting (home/family or school).119”
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There is some indication that a low level of public awareness and perceived impact exists among schoolchildren and adolescents, their parents and school staff regarding existing governmental policies and initiatives relating to physical activity.
“There is some indication that a low level of public awareness and perceived impact exists among schoolchildren and adolescents, their parents and school staff regarding existing governmental policies and initiatives relating to physical activity.114”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [114] Liu, 2019, Results from the China 2018 report card on physical activity for children and youth, J Exerc Sci Fit source
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- Premisecitation
In China, there is preliminary evidence that a policy-driven, multicomponent, school-based physical activity intervention may have the potential to increase physical activity and prevent the development of obesity in Chinese children.
“In China, there is preliminary evidence that a policy-driven, multicomponent, school-based physical activity intervention may have the potential to increase physical activity and prevent the development of obesity in Chinese children.121”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [121] Xu, 2016, Policy-oriented, school-based physical activity intervention to prevent childhood obesity in China (the health legacy project of the second summer youth Olympic Games): a cluster randomised trial, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol source
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- Premisecitation
There is some evidence that intervention strategies based at the school, home/family or community/neighbourhood level can increase physical activity in children and adolescents.
“There is some evidence that intervention strategies based at the school, home/family or community/neighbourhood level can increase physical activity in children and adolescents.115–120”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 6 sources checked- cites [115] source
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- cites [116] source
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- cites [117] Messing, 2019, How can physical activity be promoted among children and adolescents? A systematic review of reviews across settings, Front Public Health source
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- cites [118] Verjans-Janssen, 2018, Effectiveness of school-based physical activity and nutrition interventions with direct parental involvement on children"s BMI and energy balance-related behaviors - A systematic review, PLoS One source
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- cites [119] source
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- cites [120] Jones, 2020, A mixed-studies systematic review and meta-analysis of school-based interventions to promote physical activity and/or reduce sedentary time in children, J Sport Health Sci source
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- Premisecitation
There is no clear evidence from China to suggest that socioeconomic status (eg, family socioeconomic status, parental education) is associated with levels of physical activity among Chinese children and adolescents.
“There is no clear evidence from China to suggest that socioeconomic status (eg, family socioeconomic status, parental education) is associated with levels of physical activity among Chinese children and adolescents.106”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [106] Lu, 2017, Factors of physical activity among Chinese children and adolescents: a systematic review, Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act source
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- Premisecitation
Synthesised evidence on school-based interventions for preventing obesity among Chinese school-aged children suggests that comprehensive interventions involving physical activity and health education may be more effective than physical activity alone.
“In addition, synthesised evidence on school-based interventions for preventing obesity among Chinese school-aged children suggests that comprehensive interventions involving physical activity and health education may be more effective than physical activity alone.122”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [122] Feng, 2017, Systematic review and meta-analysis of school-based obesity interventions in mainland China, PLoS One source
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- Premisecitation
School-based interventions that involve parents have the potential to improve children's weight status, physical activity levels and sedentary behaviours.
“School-based interventions that involve parents also have the potential to improve children’s weight status, physical activity levels and sedentary behaviours.118”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [118] Verjans-Janssen, 2018, Effectiveness of school-based physical activity and nutrition interventions with direct parental involvement on children"s BMI and energy balance-related behaviors - A systematic review, PLoS One source
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- Premisecitation
In general, as the level of physical activity increases, the likelihood of injury increases.
“In general, as the level of physical activity increases, the likelihood of injury increases.2”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2] source
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- Premisecitation
Availability of local community-based sports clubs and organisations and convenient access to physical activity facilities are perceived as important resources for participating in moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activity among children and adolescents.
“In addition, availability of local community-based sports clubs and organisations and convenient access to physical activity facilities are also perceived as important resources for participating in moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activity among children and adolescents.113”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [113] Wang, 2017, School and community physical activity characteristics and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity among Chinese school-aged children: a multilevel path model analysis, J Sport Health Sci source
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- Study design and conductreasoning
Evidence for this consensus was drawn primarily from international studies that were predominantly based on Caucasian populations, due to the limited number of high-quality Chinese-based studies and the paucity of research in certain areas of health.
“Due to the limited number of high-quality Chinese-based studies and the paucity of research in certain areas of health, evidence for this consensus was drawn primarily from international studies that were predominantly based on Caucasian populations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Survey data indicate that school support for physical activity is important for promoting and facilitating moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activity among Chinese children and adolescents.
“Survey data indicate that school support for physical activity is important for promoting and facilitating moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activity among Chinese children and adolescents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [113] Wang, 2017, School and community physical activity characteristics and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity among Chinese school-aged children: a multilevel path model analysis, J Sport Health Sci source
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- Premisecitation
Evidence suggests high numbers of injuries when participating in sports-related activities, unorganised activities and high-risk sports (eg, ice hockey).
“with the evidence suggesting high numbers of injuries when participating in sports-related activities,124 unorganised activities125 and high-risk sports (eg, ice hockey).126”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [124] Räisänen, 2018, Prevalence of adolescent physical activity-related injuries in sports, leisure time, and school: the National physical activity behaviour study for children and adolescents, BMC Musculoskelet Disord source
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- cites [125] Nauta, 2015, Injury risk during different physical activity behaviours in children: a systematic review with bias assessment, Sports Med source
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- cites [126] source
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- Premisecitation
Reduced regular physical activity and increased sedentary behaviours can occur through the closure of public facilities, disrupted transportation systems and the imposition of stay-at-home and physical distancing restrictions.
“Reduced regular physical activity and increased sedentary behaviours can occur through the closure of public facilities, disrupted transportation systems and the imposition of stay-at-home and physical distancing restrictions.139”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [139] Chen, 2020, Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): the need to maintain regular physical activity while taking precautions, J Sport Health Sci source
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- May combine two claims. 29
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 20
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PremisecitationThe overall level of physical activity and fitness among China's school-aged children and adolescents has been shown to be insufficient and far from ideal from the perspective of public health and disease prevention.
“The overall level of physical activity and fitness among the nation’s school-aged children and adolescents has been shown to be insufficient12 and far from ideal from the perspective of public health and disease prevention.13”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [12] Chen, 2017, Physical activity, physical fitness, and body mass index in the Chinese child and adolescent populations: an update from the 2016 physical activity and fitness in China-The youth study, J Sport Health Sci source
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- cites [13] Li, 2019, Physical activity and prevention of chronic disease in Chinese youth: a public health approach, J Sport Health Sci source
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PremisecitationThose who are physically active show or report better overall physical and mental health, a higher level of fitness and a lower level of obesity than their sedentary or physically inactive counterparts.
“Research indicates that those who are physically active show or report better overall physical and mental health, a higher level of fitness and a lower level of obesity than their sedentary or physically inactive counterparts1–4”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [1] source
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- cites [2] source
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- cites [3] Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee . Physical activity guidelines Advisory Committee scientific report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2018. https://health.gov/our-work/physical-activity/current-guidelines/scientific-report
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- cites [4] Granger, 2017, A systematic review of the relationship of physical activity and health status in adolescents, Eur J Public Health source
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PremisecitationInternational guidelines recommend that children and adolescents include muscle-strengthening physical activity at least 3 days a week as part of their 60 min or more of daily physical activity.
“Muscle-strengthening physical activity: As part of their 60 min or more of daily physical activity, children and adolescents should include muscle-strengthening physical activity at least 3 days a week.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked- cites [40] World Health Organization . Physical activity and young people - Recommended levels of physical activity for children aged 5 - 17 years. Available: https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_young_people/en/ [Accessed February 29, 2020].
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- cites [41] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S . Department of health and human services. physical activity guidelines for children and adolescents, 2018. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/physicalactivity/guidelines.htm [Accessed 2 March 2020].
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- cites [42] Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology . Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines for children and youth (ages 5-17 years): an integration of physical activity, sedentary behavior and sleep. Available: https://csepguidelines.ca/children-and-youth-5-17 [Accessed 2 March 2020].
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- cites [43] National Health Service . United Kingdom physical activity guidelines for children and young people, 2019. Available: https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/exercise/physical-activity-guidelines-children-and-young-people [Accessed 1 Feb 2020].
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- cites [44] Australian Government, Department of Health . Australia’s Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Guidelines. Available: https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-pubhlth-strateg-phys-act-guidelines/$File/FS-Children-5-12-Years.PDF [Accessed 1 Sep 2019].
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PremisecitationCurrent international guidelines on physical activity for children and adolescents (age range: 5-17 years) generally recommend an active lifestyle and encourage participation in daily physical activity, including both light-intensity and moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activities, with the latter intensity being commonly recommended because it is more favourably related to a variety of健康?
“Current international guidelines40–44 on physical activity for children and adolescents (age range: 5–17 years) generally recommend an active lifestyle and encourage participation in daily physical activity, including both light-intensity and moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activities, with the latter intensity being commonly recommended because it is more favourably related to a variety”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 6 sources checked- cites [40] World Health Organization . Physical activity and young people - Recommended levels of physical activity for children aged 5 - 17 years. Available: https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_young_people/en/ [Accessed February 29, 2020].
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- cites [41] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S . Department of health and human services. physical activity guidelines for children and adolescents, 2018. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/physicalactivity/guidelines.htm [Accessed 2 March 2020].
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- cites [42] Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology . Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines for children and youth (ages 5-17 years): an integration of physical activity, sedentary behavior and sleep. Available: https://csepguidelines.ca/children-and-youth-5-17 [Accessed 2 March 2020].
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- cites [43] National Health Service . United Kingdom physical activity guidelines for children and young people, 2019. Available: https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/exercise/physical-activity-guidelines-children-and-young-people [Accessed 1 Feb 2020].
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- cites [44] Australian Government, Department of Health . Australia’s Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Guidelines. Available: https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-pubhlth-strateg-phys-act-guidelines/$File/FS-Children-5-12-Years.PDF [Accessed 1 Sep 2019].
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- cites 1 2
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PremisecitationInternational guidelines recommend that children and adolescents do 60 min or more per day of moderate-to-vigorous aerobic physical activity, including vigorous-intensity physical activity at least 3 days a week.
“Aerobic physical activity: Most of the 60 min or more per day should be either moderate-intensity or vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity and should include vigorous-intensity physical activity at least 3 days a week.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked- cites [40] World Health Organization . Physical activity and young people - Recommended levels of physical activity for children aged 5 - 17 years. Available: https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_young_people/en/ [Accessed February 29, 2020].
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- cites [41] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S . Department of health and human services. physical activity guidelines for children and adolescents, 2018. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/physicalactivity/guidelines.htm [Accessed 2 March 2020].
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- cites [42] Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology . Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines for children and youth (ages 5-17 years): an integration of physical activity, sedentary behavior and sleep. Available: https://csepguidelines.ca/children-and-youth-5-17 [Accessed 2 March 2020].
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- cites [43] National Health Service . United Kingdom physical activity guidelines for children and young people, 2019. Available: https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/exercise/physical-activity-guidelines-children-and-young-people [Accessed 1 Feb 2020].
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- cites [44] Australian Government, Department of Health . Australia’s Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Guidelines. Available: https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-pubhlth-strateg-phys-act-guidelines/$File/FS-Children-5-12-Years.PDF [Accessed 1 Sep 2019].
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PremisecitationChinese children and adolescents experience high expectations and pressure in achieving academic excellence that is both culturally embedded and potentially health debilitating.
“and experiences high expectations and pressure in achieving academic excellence33 34 that is both culturally embedded and potentially health debilitating.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 33 34
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PremisecitationBetween 1995 and 2014, the Chinese youth population saw a fourfold increase in overweight and obesity, with around 1 in 5 children and adolescents being either overweight or obese.
“between 1995 and 2014, this youth population saw a fourfold increase in overweight and obesity, with around 1 in 5 children and adolescents being either overweight or obese.23”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23] Dong, 2019, Economic development and the nutritional status of Chinese school-aged children and adolescents from 1995 to 2014: an analysis of five successive national surveys, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol source
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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationInternational guidelines recommend that children and adolescents include bone-strengthening physical activity at least 3 days a week as part of their 60 min or more of daily physical activity.
“Bone-strengthening physical activity: As part of their 60 min or more of daily physical activity, children and adolescents should include bone-strengthening physical activity at least 3 days a week.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked- cites [40] World Health Organization . Physical activity and young people - Recommended levels of physical activity for children aged 5 - 17 years. Available: https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_young_people/en/ [Accessed February 29, 2020].
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- cites [41] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S . Department of health and human services. physical activity guidelines for children and adolescents, 2018. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/physicalactivity/guidelines.htm [Accessed 2 March 2020].
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- cites [42] Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology . Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines for children and youth (ages 5-17 years): an integration of physical activity, sedentary behavior and sleep. Available: https://csepguidelines.ca/children-and-youth-5-17 [Accessed 2 March 2020].
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- cites [43] National Health Service . United Kingdom physical activity guidelines for children and young people, 2019. Available: https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/exercise/physical-activity-guidelines-children-and-young-people [Accessed 1 Feb 2020].
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- cites [44] Australian Government, Department of Health . Australia’s Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Guidelines. Available: https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-pubhlth-strateg-phys-act-guidelines/$File/FS-Children-5-12-Years.PDF [Accessed 1 Sep 2019].
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Premisenone givenGuidelines recommend that the amount of physical activity be greater than 60 min if additional health benefits are to be gained.
“Guidelines recommend that the amount of physical activity be greater than 60 min if additional health benefits are to be gained.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenSystematic reviews were used as primary literature sources when available.
“Systematic reviews were used as primary literature sources when available”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitationThe consensus statement was developed using an expert consensus development approach involving group decision-making according to guidelines and other guideline documents published by national and international authorities, as well as peer-reviewed literature.
“The consensus statement was developed using an expert consensus development approach involving group decision-making according to guidelines and other guideline documents51 (eg, expert consensus statements) published by national and international authorities (eg, WHO), as well as peer-reviewed literature.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [51] World Health Organization . Who Handbook for Guideline development, 2nd ed. 2014, 2014. Available: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/145714 [Accessed 1 May 2020].
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PremisecitationChildren and adolescents having high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness have improved cardiovascular risk outcomes, including lower BMI, waist circumference and body fat, as well as a prevalence of metabolic dysregulation in later life.
“There is evidence to suggest that children and adolescents having high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness have improved cardiovascular risk outcomes, including lower BMI, waist circumference and body fat, as well as a prevalence of metabolic dysregulation in later life.60”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [60] source
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Study design and conductnone givenThe consensus was reviewed by an expanded panel of experts (n=16) who were carefully selected to balance experience and expertise in public health, physical activity, epidemiology, physical fitness, physical education, paediatrics and exercise physiology, and to ensure diversity in themes and viewpoints.
“The consensus was then reviewed by an expanded panel of experts (n=16) who were carefully selected to balance experience and expertise in the areas of public health, physical activity, epidemiology, physical fitness, physical education, paediatrics and exercise physiology, and to ensure diversity in themes and viewpoints in the statement.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationChildren and adolescents with overweight and obesity benefit from exercise interventions because these interventions improve their cardiometabolic and vascular health, cardiorespiratory fitness and motor skill development.
“There is evidence indicating that children and adolescents with overweight and obesity benefit from exercise interventions because these interventions improve their cardiometabolic and vascular health, cardiorespiratory fitness62 and motor skill development.63”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [62] García-Hermoso, 2019, Exercise, health outcomes, and pædiatric obesity: a systematic review of meta-analyses, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport source
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- cites [63] Han, 2018, Effectiveness of exercise intervention on improving fundamental movement skills and motor coordination in overweight/obese children and adolescents: a systematic review, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport source
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Study design and conductnone givenThe collection of articles was based on an extensive electronic search of the literature using EBSCO, CNKI, PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, SinoMed and Web of Science, with no restrictions on publication date.
“The collection of these articles, both in English and Chinese, was based on an extensive electronic search of the literature using the following databases: EBSCO (Academic Search Complete, CINAHL Plus, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SportDISCUS), CNKI, PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, SinoMed and Web of Science. No restrictions were imposed with regard to publication date.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines have been proposed that integrate the balance of time spent per day in light to vigorous-intensity physical activity, sedentary behaviours and sleep to enhance health outcomes in those aged 5-17 years.
“the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines42 46 have been proposed that integrate the balance of time spent per day in light to vigorous-intensity physical activity, sedentary behaviours and sleep to enhance health outcomes in those aged 5–17 years.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 42 46
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Study design and conductnone givenThe final version of the consensus document was developed based on input and comments from all participating members.
“The final version of the consensus document was developed based on input and comments from all participating members.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCurrent guidelines emphasise the need for creating physical activities that are age appropriate for children and adolescents, enjoyable and varied.
“Current guidelines also emphasise the need for creating physical activities that are age appropriate for children and adolescents, enjoyable and varied.45”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [45] World Health Organization . What is moderate-intensity and vigorous-intensity physical activity? Available: https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/physical_activity_intensity/en/ [Accessed 1 Jul 2019].
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Study design and conductown dataThe search from the electronic databases resulted in a total of 17 851 potential articles, and on screening for relevance, 81 articles were included in this consensus.
“The search from the electronic databases resulted in a total of 17 851 potential articles. On screening for relevance, 81 articles were included in this consensus.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationChildren with high cardiorespiratory fitness levels demonstrate larger brain volumes in the areas involved with memory and executive function and better memory task performance compared with children with low fitness levels.
“These children demonstrate larger brain volumes in the areas involved with memory and executive function and better memory task performance compared with children with low fitness levels.70”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [70] source
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PremisecitationA recent meta-analysis of high-quality intervention studies shows strong evidence for the beneficial effects of physical activity on math performance but inconclusive evidence on the beneficial effects of physical activity interventions on cognition and overall academic performance in children.
“However, a recent meta-analysis of high-quality intervention studies shows strong evidence for the beneficial effects of physical activity on math performance but inconclusive evidence on the beneficial effects of physical activity interventions on cognition and overall academic performance in children.80”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [80] source
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PremisecitationPhysical activity interventions, including those of moderate to vigorous intensity, improve brain structure and function as well as cognitive and academic performance.
“There is evidence that physical activity interventions, including those of moderate to vigorous intensity, improve brain structure and function as well as cognitive and academic performance.75–79”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked- cites [75] source
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- cites [76] source
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- cites [77] source
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- cites [78] source
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- cites [79] Lind, 2019, Acute high‐intensity football games can improve children"s inhibitory control and neurophysiological measures of attention, Scand J Med Sci Sports source
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PremisecitationOverall, evidence indicates no association or weak to modest association between physical activity and obesity, with no clear association reported in reviews of early prospective studies.
“Overall, evidence indicates no association or weak to modest association between physical activity and obesity,2 82–84 with no clear association reported in reviews of early prospective studies.83”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites 2 82–84
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- cites [83] Wilks, 2011, Objectively measured physical activity and obesity prevention in children, adolescents and adults: a systematic review of prospective studies, Obesity Rev source
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InterpretationcitationThere is consensus that regular engagement in traditional sports, mainly football, may be as effective as general interventions based on physical activity for improving body composition and decreasing metabolic complications in children with obesity and may be appropriate, as a preventive intervention, for paediatric obesity treatment.
“There is consensus that regular engagement in traditional sports, mainly football, may be as effective as general interventions based on physical activity for improving body composition and decreasing metabolic complications in children with obesity and may be appropriate, as a preventive intervention, for paediatric obesity treatment.86 87”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 86 87
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PremisecitationThere is a positive association between physical activity (both moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activity and vigorous-intensity physical activity) and physical fitness and academic performance in children and adolescents.
“There is a positive association between physical activity (both moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activity and vigorous-intensity physical activity) and physical fitness and academic performance in children and adolescents.71–74”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [71] Lima, 2018, Physical fitness is longitudinally associated with academic performance during childhood and adolescence, and waist circumference mediated the relationship, Pediatr Exerc Sci source
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- cites [72] Michael, 2015, Critical connections: health and academics, J School Health source
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- cites [73] source
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- cites [74] Donnelly, 2016, Physical activity, fitness, cognitive function, and academic achievement in children, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise source
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PremisecitationCommonly reported factors influencing physical activity levels include socioeconomic status (income and education), the physical environment (ambient air and water) and the built environment (neighbourhood design, parks and recreational facilities, green space, safety, access to physical activity facilities and street connectivity).
“Commonly reported factors influencing physical activity levels include socioeconomic status (income and education), the physical environment (ambient air and water) and the built environment (neighbourhood design, parks and recreational facilities, green space, safety, access to physical activity facilities and street connectivity).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [109] An, 2019, Impact of built environment on physical activity and obesity among children and adolescents in China: a narrative systematic review, J Sport Health Sci source
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- cites [110] source
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- cites [111] source
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- cites [112] source
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PremisecitationElevated physical fitness in children and adolescents is associated with lower central obesity, an independent risk factor for cardiovascular-related diseases in adulthood.
“There is evidence that elevated physical fitness in children and adolescents is associated with lower central obesity,88 89 an independent risk factor for cardiovascular-related diseases in adulthood.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites 88 89
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PremisecitationIn China, built environmental features in the community, such as availability and accessibility of open space, recreational facilities and walkable sidewalks, are likely to facilitate increased physical activity and active commuting, as well as reduced sedentary behaviours among Chinese children and adolescents.
“Evidence from China indicates that built environmental features in the community, such as availability and accessibility of open space, recreational facilities and walkable sidewalks, are likely to facilitate increased physical activity and active commuting, as well as reduced sedentary behaviours among Chinese children and adolescents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [109] An, 2019, Impact of built environment on physical activity and obesity among children and adolescents in China: a narrative systematic review, J Sport Health Sci source
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PremisecitationIn China, features such as the lack of bike lanes and high residential density are likely to be associated with childhood overweight and obesity.
“In contrast, features such as the lack of bike lanes and high residential density are likely to be associated with childhood overweight and obesity.109”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [109] An, 2019, Impact of built environment on physical activity and obesity among children and adolescents in China: a narrative systematic review, J Sport Health Sci source
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InterpretationreasoningPromoting physical activity among Chinese children and adolescents is both urgent and important because this population continues to engage in activities that contribute to physical inactivity and place them at increased risk for overweight and obesity and related conditions that are detrimental to health.
“Promoting physical activity among Chinese children and adolescents is both urgent and important because this population continues to engage in activities that contribute to physical inactivity and place them at increased risk for overweight and obesity and related conditions that are detrimental to health.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: There is a significant lack of school and community-based physical activity interventions or programmes that can guide and aid the development of national physical activity guidelines for Chinese children and adolescents.
- Rests on an assumption: Currently, there is a lack of school-based physical activity policies and initiatives established on a local, provincial or national scale that can effectively promote, impact and sustain school-level physical activities for children and adolescents inside and outside school settings.
- Rests on an assumption: Given the major emphasis in China on academic excellence over physical education and recreational physical activity, there is a significant cultural challenge in changing attitudes and expectations of parents and schools with regard to meeting recommended physical activity or physical fitness levels.
- Rests on an assumption: There is a lack of partnerships in which a wide variety of organisations (eg, schools, parents, public education, private organisations, community groups) can collaborate to promote physical activity for children and adolescents.
- Rests on an assumption: There is a lack of information on potential barriers to promoting and implementing physical activity policies in school and/or community settings.
- Rests on an assumption: Practice and promotion of physical activity for Chinese children and youth has not been given a high public health priority at the school, community and policy level.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenConsensus statements are based on the panel's best judgement regarding the current state of the art of research rather than on a quantitative synthesis (eg, a meta-analysis) of empirical data.
“Consensus statements are based on the panel’s best judgement regarding the current state of the art of research rather than on a quantitative synthesis (eg, a meta-analysis) of empirical data.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn China, a high prevalence of injuries is reported by those who participate in team sports, have lower safety awareness, exercise in slippery conditions, overextend their play, have excessive workout loads and do not warm up sufficiently.
“In addition, a high prevalence of injuries is also reported by those who participate in team sports, have lower safety awareness, exercise in slippery conditions, overextend their play,127 have excessive workout loads and do not warm up sufficiently.128”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [127] Cai, 2018, Physical activity-related injury and its associated factors among middle school students in southern China, Int J Environ Res Public Health source
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- cites [128] Yin, 2011, Analysis on sports injuries of adolescents in Shanghai, Chin J Sch Health
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PremisecitationIn China, limited data indicate that injury risk is related to physical activity, with a high prevalence of activity-related injuries reported by boys and junior high students.
“In China, limited data indicate that injury risk is related to physical activity, with a high prevalence of activity-related injuries reported by boys and junior high students.127 128”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [127] Cai, 2018, Physical activity-related injury and its associated factors among middle school students in southern China, Int J Environ Res Public Health source
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- cites [128] Yin, 2011, Analysis on sports injuries of adolescents in Shanghai, Chin J Sch Health
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe newly developed WHO Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018-2030 identifies four strategic objectives to reduce time spent in inactive behaviours by 2030.
“The newly developed WHO Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018–2030 identifies four strategic objectives to reduce time spent in inactive behaviours by 2030.36”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [36] World Health Organisation . Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018-2030 - More active people for a healthier world, 2018. Available: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272722/9789241514187-eng.pdf [Accessed 1 May 2020].
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationNational physical activity action plans are a 'call to action' for proactive initiatives to increase physical activity using strategies and locations that reflect the social, cultural, economic and political contexts of a country.
“National physical activity action plans are a ‘call to action’ for proactive initiatives to increase physical activity using strategies and locations that reflect the social, cultural, economic and political contexts of a country.142–146”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked- cites [142] Spence, 2016, Active Canada 20/20: a physical activity plan for Canada, Can J Public Health source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [143] The National Physical Activity Plan Alliance. 2016. US National Physical Activity Plan. Available: https://www.physicalactivityplan.org/docs/2016NPAP_Finalforwebsite.pdf [Accessed 2 May 2020].
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [144] Department of Health and Children, Health Service Executive . National Physical Activity Plan for Ireland, 2016. Available: https://assets.gov.ie/7563/23f51643fd1d4ad7abf529e58c8d8041.pdf [Accessed 2 May 2020].
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [145] National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence . Choosing health: a physical activity action plan for the UK, 2005. Available: https://www.physicalactivityplan.org/resources/UK.pdf [Accessed 2 May 2020].
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [146] source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductreasoningLimitations in the available evidence summarised and included in this consensus may restrict the ability to draw absolute conclusions.
“Limitations in the available evidence summarised and included in this consensus may restrict the ability to draw absolute conclusions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThere is some risk of injuries or overuse injuries among children and adolescents who participate in physical activities and sports, as well as organised and unorganised leisure-time physical activity.
“There is some risk of injuries or overuse injuries among children and adolescents who participate in physical activities and sports,123 as well as organised and unorganised leisure-time physical activity,1 2”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenThese conditions are most attributable to the imbalance between sufficient physical activity and overprioritising academic achievement, which results in an overload of schoolwork, as well as a high prevalence of sedentary behaviours, predominantly characterised by time spent in screen-based activities.
“These conditions are most attributable to the imbalance between sufficient physical activity and overprioritising academic achievement, which results in an overload of schoolwork, as well as a high prevalence of sedentary behaviours, predominantly characterised by time spent in screen-based activities.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Given the major emphasis in China on academic excellence over physical education and recreational physical activity, there is a significant cultural challenge in changing attitudes and expectations of parents and schools with regard to meeting recommended physical activity or physical fitness levels.
May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenThere is strong scientific evidence that children and adolescents benefit substantially in multiple health and fitness domains from engaging in 60 min or more of moderate to vigorous daily physical activity, and these benefits continue throughout their lives.
“There is strong scientific evidence that children and adolescents benefit substantially in multiple health and fitness domains from engaging in 60 min or more of moderate to vigorous daily physical activity, and these benefits continue throughout their lives.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisenone givenStructured physical activity and/or leisure-time sports and recreational physical activities that are of moderate to vigorous intensity and reduced time spent in sedentary behaviours provide multiple health benefits for child and adolescent populations, including cardiorespiratory, muscular and cardiometabolic fitness; cognitive functioning; and physical and mental health.
“Structured physical activity and/or leisure-time sports and recreational physical activities that are of moderate to vigorous intensity and reduced time spent in sedentary behaviours provide multiple health benefits for child and adolescent populations. Such benefits include, but are not limited to, cardiorespiratory, muscular and cardiometabolic fitness; cognitive functioning; and physical and”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Premisenone givenProviding social support and creating conducive playable environments encourages physical activity of various kinds.
“Providing social support and creating conducive playable environments encourages physical activity of various kinds.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a lack of a population-specific and culturally relevant consensus on recommendations for physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents.
“However, advancing nationwide health initiatives and physical activity promotion in this population has been hampered by the lack of a population-specific and culturally relevant consensus on recommendations for achieving these ends.”
The paper relies on this without support.
This consensus statement is the very first of its kind for children and adolescents in China.
“These experts developed and finalised this physical activity and health consensus statement, which is the very first of its kind for children and adolescents in China.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Motivation and compliance for actively engaging in (or changing) health-related behaviours are significantly impacted by sociocultural standards and traditions.
“However, motivation and compliance for actively engaging in (or changing) health-related behaviours are significantly impacted by sociocultural standards and traditions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The science underlying current physical activity guidelines has generally been derived from a narrow set of populations (primarily North American and European) and is unlikely to drive wide-scale changes in activity behaviour in other cultures.
“Although the science underlying current guidelines may be compelling, generally it has been derived from a narrow set of populations (primarily North American and European) and it is unlikely to drive wide-scale changes in activity behaviour in other cultures.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Evidence from international studies predominantly based on Caucasian populations is applicable to Chinese children and adolescents.
“Due to the limited number of high-quality Chinese-based studies and the paucity of research in certain areas of health, evidence for this consensus was drawn primarily from international studies that were predominantly based on Caucasian populations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a significant lack of school and community-based physical activity interventions or programmes that can guide and aid the development of national physical activity guidelines for Chinese children and adolescents.
“There is a significant lack of school and community-based physical activity interventions or programmes that can guide and aid the development of national physical activity guidelines for Chinese children and adolescents.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Currently, there is a lack of school-based physical activity policies and initiatives established on a local, provincial or national scale that can effectively promote, impact and sustain school-level physical activities for children and adolescents inside and outside school settings.
“Currently, there is a lack of school-based physical activity policies and initiatives established on a local, provincial or national scale that can effectively promote, impact and sustain school-level physical activities for children and adolescents inside and outside school settings.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Given the major emphasis in China on academic excellence over physical education and recreational physical activity, there is a significant cultural challenge in changing attitudes and expectations of parents and schools with regard to meeting recommended physical activity or physical fitness levels.
“Given the major emphasis in China on academic excellence over physical education and recreational physical activity, there is a significant cultural challenge in changing attitudes and expectations of parents and schools with regard to meeting recommended physical activity or physical fitness levels.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a lack of partnerships in which a wide variety of organisations (eg, schools, parents, public education, private organisations, community groups) can collaborate to promote physical activity for children and adolescents.
“There is a lack of partnerships in which a wide variety of organisations (eg, schools, parents, public education, private organisations, community groups) can collaborate to promote physical activity for children and adolescents.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a lack of information on potential barriers to promoting and implementing physical activity policies in school and/or community settings.
“There is a lack of information on potential barriers to promoting and implementing physical activity policies in school and/or community settings.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Practice and promotion of physical activity for Chinese children and youth has not been given a high public health priority at the school, community and policy level.
“Despite a wealth of evidence about the health benefits of physical activity for children and adolescents, practice and promotion of physical activity for Chinese children and youth has not been given a high public health priority at the school, community and policy level.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Promoting physical activity requires policies.
“Promoting physical activity requires policies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Physical inactivity and low levels of physical activity are a global public health problem associated with an array of negative health outcomes for school-aged children and adolescents.
“Physical inactivity and low levels of physical activity are a global public health problem associated with an array of negative health outcomes for school-aged children and adolescents.”
The paper relies on this without support.
China has not been immune to this global concern as evidenced by inadequate levels of physical activity and energy imbalance among its approximately 170 million children and adolescents.
“China has not been immune to this global concern as evidenced by inadequate levels of physical activity and energy imbalance among its approximately 170 million children and adolescents.”
Claims other papers make about this one
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One study showed that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the exercise program duration and mental health symptom relief in adolescents.
“One study showed that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the exercise program duration and mental health symptom relief in adolescents [100].”
From Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of exercise on depression in adolescents (2022) · cites this paper as [100]
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Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of exercise on depression in adolescents
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“One study showed that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the exercise program duration and mental health symptom relief in adolescents [100].”
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Results from the China 2022 report card on physical activity for children and adolescents
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“It has been indicated that PWB includes six parameters: self-acceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, and personal growth [21].”
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“China follows the global trend of the prevalence of PIA among college students, which is considered a severe behavioral health risk [9].”
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“) [4], Denmark [5], China [6], and England [7] have policies mandating a minimum time that schools are to provide students with structured physical activity across the school week [2–4, 8].”
BackgroundThe Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Childhood Obesity and Lifestyle—A Report from Italy
Palermi, S., Vecchiato, M., Pennella, S., Marasca, A., Spinelli, A., Luca, M. D., Martino, L. D., Fernando, F., Sirico, F., & Biffi, A. (2022) · Pediatric Reports · doi:10.3390/pediatric14040049 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Most of the clinical forms of childhood obesity are due to unhealthy eating habits, low physical fitness, high sedentary behavior, and poor sleep standards [4,5].”
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“In recent years, as the concept of ‘‘the nationwide body-building” has gained popularity, people’s enthusiasm for participating in sports has increased, especially among the adolescent population, which has also led to a rapid increase in the number of sports injury cases [4].”
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“Therefore, a panel of Chinese experts developed a consensus statement, which stressed the importance of promoting physical activity and provided suggestions for promoting physical activity among school-aged children and adolescents to prevent childhood and adolescent diseases, including obesity, and achieve the Health…”
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“According to the Chinese State Council's ‘Healthy China 2030’ Program (120), exercises that are popular should be vigorously developed, the development of sports suitable for different groups and regions should be encouraged and traditional sports, such as Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) and Qigong, should be supported and promot…”
MethodChen, L., Gao, D., Ma, T., Chen, M., Li, Y., Ma, Y., Wen, B., Jiang, J., Wang, X., Zhang, J., et al. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155117 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Wang, L., Zhuang, J., Zhang, H., et al. (2022) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-022-03618-2 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“This may be due to the attention and intervention on childhood obesity, which has a subtle impact on children and adolescents [19, 21].”
BackgroundPan, N., Lin, L., Nassis, G. P., Wang, X., Ou, X.-X., Cai, L., Jin, J., Feng, Q., Dong, G., & Li, X. (2022) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2022.12.003 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationGuo, T., Shen, S., Yang, S., & Yang, F. (2024) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2024.1435157 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“In addition, excessive intake of energy and daily junk food at night (Liu et al., 2021), coupled with the increasing proportion of lack of physical activity, will lead to the increase of students ’ BMI and aggravate the risk of chronic diseases (Jha et al., 2021; Chen P. et al., 2020).”
BackgroundA chain mediation model of physical exercise and BrainRot behavior among adolescents
Gan, Y., He, Z., Liu, M., Ran, J., Liu, P., Liu, Y., & Deng, L. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-02132-6 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“They emphasize the necessity of integrating physical exercise into daily life 98,99 .”
Self-citationGuo, M. M., Koh, K. T., & Wang, X. Z. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18822-1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“…Consensus Statement on Physical Activity and Health in Chinese Children and Adolescents (2020)”, the unclear trends of PA and RST pose a myriad of challenges to launching effective health promotion initiatives aimed at increasing PA and reducing RST amongst Chinese children and adolescents [8].”
BackgroundA public health milestone: China publishes new Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines
Chen, S., Ma, J., Hong, J., Chen, C., Yang, Y., Yang, Z., Zheng, P., & Tang, Y. (2022) · Journal of Activity Sedentary and Sleep Behaviors · doi:10.1186/s44167-022-00009-x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Huang, W., Chen, B., & Hu, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1681504 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Schmidt, S. K., Bratland‐Sanda, S., & Bongaardt, R. (2022) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2022.103777 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Wang, R., Yin, Y. H., Zhang, H., Pan, L., Zhu, Y., Wang, M., Huang, Z. N., Wang, W., & Deng, G. (2023) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-023-06656-8 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Lack of exercise in today’s Chinese adolescents is common [27].”
BackgroundConsensus statement on Singapore integrated 24-hour activity guide for children and adolescents
Loo, B. K. G., Tan, B., Chia, M., Chan, P. C., Sirisena, D., bin Zainuddin, M. A., Oh, J. Y., Teoh, O. H., Tan, T. S. Z., Lim, M. C. M., et al. (2022) · Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore · doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.202141 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Atividade física para crianças e jovens: Guia de Atividade Física para a População Brasileira
Dumith, S. C., Filho, A. ́., Cureau, F. V., Júnior, J. C. D. F., Mello, J. B., da Silva, M. P., Matias, T. S., Lopes, W. A., Magalhães, L. L., & Hallal, P. C. (2021) · Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física & Saúde · doi:10.12820/rbafs.26e0214 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Xiang, C., Zhao, J., Kamalden, T. F. T., Dong, W., Luo, H., & Ismail, N. (2023) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-023-02466-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Khalafi, M., Symonds, M. E., Faramarzi, M., Sharifmoradi, K., Maleki, A. H., & Rosenkranz, S. K. (2024) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114524 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Zhao, M., Liu, S., Han, X., Li, Z., Liu, B., Chen, J., & Li, X. (2022) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2022/7464815 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that children and adolescents should engage in a minimum of 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) every day and at least three days per week of muscle-strengthening exercises (MSE) [1 – 3].”
Exercise Prescription: Pioneering the “Third Pole” for Clinical Health Management
Luo, Z., Zhang, T., & Chen, S. (2023) · Research · doi:10.34133/research.0284 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Ever since the introduction of the “Healthy China Initiative (2019–2030)”, launching a nationwide fitness movement and using exercise to preemptively combat chronic diseases have been elevated to pivotal positions in national strategy [13].”
BackgroundSu, Y., Li, H., Jiang, S., Li, Y., Li, Y., & Zhang, G. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18100-0 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Considering insufficient physical activity is one of the major crises in China currently [89–91], we advocate for the reasonable utilization of leisure time at night for exercise.”
BackgroundLane, C., Nathan, N., Reeves, P., Sutherland, R., Wolfenden, L., Shoesmith, A., & Hall, A. E. (2022) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-022-01215-6 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Governments worldwide, including Australia [23], China [24], Denmark [25], England [26] as well as several jurisdictions in Canada [27] and the USA [28], have developed policies for schools to provide students with a minimum amount of daily or weekly physical activity.”
BackgroundAnalysis of national physical activity and sedentary behaviour policies in China
Chen, S., Hong, J., Milton, K. E., Pogrmilović, B. K., Ma, J., & Pedišić, Ž. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15865-8 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Huang, S., Huang, Y., Gu, Y., Chen, H., Lv, R., Wu, S., Song, P., Zhao, D., Hu, L., & Yuan, C. (2023) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.06.009 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Liu, P. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-21674-y · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Yang, W., Xiang, Z., Hu, H., Zheng, H., & Zhao, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1540968 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Dong, Y., Chen, M., Chen, L., Wen, B., Yang, Y., Wang, Z., Ma, Y., Song, Y., Ma, J., & Lau, W. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.684286 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Basketball training frequency is associated with executive functions in boys aged 6 to 8 years
Xu, Y., Zhang, W., Zhang, K., Feng, M., Duan, T., Chen, Y., Wei, X., Luo, Y., & Ni, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.917385 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“, 2018) as well as decreased risk of obesity (Chen et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSelf-citationUrbančič, N. B., Battelino, S., & Vozel, D. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11010002 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“The issue of insufficient physical activity in the population has been recognized in the last twenty years [19], and global trends and campaigns aiming to introduce more physical activity to the everyday lives of children and adolescents have been initiated [19,49].”
BackgroundCai, S., Wang, H., Zhang, Y., Zhao, T., Yuan, X., Deng, H., Chen, Y., Liu, Y.-F., Dang, J., Shi, D., et al. (2025) · World Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12519-024-00874-3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Physical activity (PA) is typically regarded as a universal intervention, with a growing body of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) providing high-quality evidence of its physical and psychological health benefits for children and adolescents [3, 9].”
Self-citationSmartwatch-monitored physical activity and myopia in children: a 2-year prospective cohort study
Chen, D., Wang, J., Chen, J., Lu, M. J., Du, Y., Zhu, Z., Sankaridurg, P. R., Zhu, Z., Zhang, B., Du, L., et al. (2025) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-025-04136-5 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“%) of Chinese school students engage in at least 60 min of daily physical activity, with a general downward trend over time [52].”
Zhang, R., Zhang, C., Lai, P., Cheng, W., Schüz, B., & Kwan, M. (2021) · International Journal of Health Geographics · doi:10.1186/s12942-021-00289-7 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Health benefits of physical activity (PA) for adolescents are well established and include improved cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal health and positive effects on cognitive development, mental health, and healthy weight [1, 2].”
BackgroundCena, H., Vandoni, M., Magenes, V. C., Napoli, I. D., Marin, L., Baldassarre, P., Luzzi, A., Pasquale, F. D., Zuccotti, G., & Calcaterra, V. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19148300 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Exercise programs, which are extremely useful as strategy to prevent and treat being overweight in children and adolescents [91,92,97], may be particularly appropriate for subjects with obesity and BED, thanks to their potential to improve both physical and psychological health simultaneously [82,98–101], (Figure 1).”
BackgroundHohmann, A., Yuan, X., Schmitt, M., Zhang, H., Pietzonka, M., & Siener, M. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8050391 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“[60] for more intense and versatile school sport in China focusing explicitly on aerobic and muscle-strengthening MVPA, as well as they confirm Granacher et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialAssociation between tennis training experience and executive function in children aged 8–12
Xu, Y., Zhang, W., Zhang, H., Wang, L., Luo, Y., & Ni, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.924809 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Childhood is a highly sensitive and critical period for executive function development due to development of the key cortex, the prefrontal cortex and late maturation (Michel et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPrevalence of malnutrition and its associated factors among 18,503 Chinese children aged 3–14 years
Zhang, X., Wang, Q., Gao, Z., Zhang, Z.-F., Wu, J., Zhang, Z., & Niu, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1228799 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Wang, R., Zhang, J., Yao, Y., Liu, D., Yuan, Y., & Helbich, M. (2024) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2024.105618 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Nan, Q., Gao, X., Zhang, X., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18126643 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“In China, less than one-third of adolescents accumulate 60 min of MVPA every day [11,12].”
BackgroundSelf-citationFamily sports interventions for the treatment of obesity in childhood: a meta-analysis
Yang, L., Liang, C., Yu, Y., Xiao, Q., Xi, M., & Tang, L. (2022) · Journal of Health Population and Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s41043-022-00317-7 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Exercise duration should be 60–80 min, with medium and high intensity (55%–90% maximum heart rate) as the main factor [47].”
BackgroundPediatric MASLD in China: epidemiology, screening, diagnosis, and management
Li, X., Zhou, X., Wu, J., Zhao, Z., Xie, F., Li, Y., Li, W., Yan, X., Sui, S., Zhang, L., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2025.101717 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“70 This consensus emphasized the central role of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in improving metabolic and overall health among children and adolescents and advocated for comprehensive, population-level strategies to address childhood obesity and its related complications.”
Wang, F., & Ali, S. K. S. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000037566 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“[1] Consistent with it, the physical fitness of Chinese college students has continuously decreased during the past 20 years.”
BackgroundLiao, T., Zheng, C., Xue, J., & Wang, Y. T. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1381925 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationSu, H., Lyu, D., Huang, K., & Yan, J. H. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1432710 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Zhou, S., Guan, Q., Feng, K., Leng, M., Ma, X., & Zhou, W. (2024) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101814 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Stojanović, S., Валеріївна, А. О., & Trajković, N. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-20835-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Wang, J., Yang, Y., Wu, J., Xie, T., Guo, X., Yuan, X., Li, T., Zhang, Y., Zhao, H., & Zhuang, J. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-21487-z · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Numerous studies corroborate that the health benefits of MVPA for children result from long-term engagement rather than temporary participation [35].”
Self-citationZhang, L., Li, Z., Kong, Z., Sun, Y., Lu, Y., & Zhu, W.-F. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-99046-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The reduction in SED was significant across all academic stages, possibly due to widespread social awareness of the dangers of sedentary behaviour and measures taken by families to reduce time spent on electronic devices 30 .”
Tian, T., Wang, Y., Xie, W., Zhang, J., Ni, Y., Peng, X., Sun, G., Dai, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14040758 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“One previous study indicated that children and adolescents aged 6–17 who participate in moderate to vigorous physical activities are likely to experience multiple positive health outcomes [67].”
BackgroundSelf-citationTan, W., Xiao-cong, L., & Xiao, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1168077 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“92 min/day for girls, which is basically in line with the standard recommended by the Guidelines for Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents in China, which stipulates that children and adolescents should engage in at least a total of 60 min of daily moderate to vigorous physical activity (25).”
Liu, F., Kong, B., Zhang, Z., Chen, L., Li, Y., Xiong, J., Yao, P., Li, Y., & Tang, Y. (2024) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2024.08.005 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Arif, A. C., Maksum, A., & Kristiyandaru, A. (2021) · Budapest International Research and Critics in Linguistics and Education (BirLE) Journal · doi:10.33258/birle.v4i2.2082 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Translational studies of exosomes in sports medicine – a mini-review
Huang, H., Chen, P., Feng, X., Qian, Y., Peng, Z., Zhang, T., & Wang, Q. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1339669 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Furthermore, sports medicine advocates for a healthy lifestyle, utilizing education and outreach to encourage public participation in regular physical activity, thereby fostering physical and mental well-being and preventing chronic diseases (25, 26, 29, 36).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLi, Z., Qi, Y., Chen, X., Li, J., Zhang, J., Li, P., & Zhou, Z. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.14764 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“This decline not only hampers personal development but also poses substantial risks to global public health, exacerbating the prevalence of cardiovascular-metabolic disorders and mental health issues [2, 4].”
Li, M.-L., Shu, W., Amaerjiang, N., Xiao, H., Zunong, J., Vermund, S., Huang, D., & Hu, Y.-F. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.910291 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Zhang, R., Zhang, C., & Gu, D. (2023) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2023.2292422 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…policies in China may restrict recreational screen time among Chinese adolescents (e.g., they are not allowed to bring smartphones into schools) (Chen et al., 2020), recent evidence suggests that most Chinese adolescents have at least one type of electronic product (e.g., laptop or smartphone)…”
BackgroundQin, R., Wu, J., Zang, W., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1732510 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Cai, S., Liu, Y., Dang, J., Zhong, P., Shi, D., Chen, Z., Hu, P., Ma, J., Dong, Y., Song, Y., et al. (2023) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2023-0051 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationHealth effect of public sports services and public health services: empirical evidence from China
Cao, L. S., Cai, J., Gong, Y., Bao, Q., Hu, J., & Tang, N. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1320216 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Physical activity has been well documented for physical and mental health (20, 21).”
BackgroundGao, Z., Guo, Z., Song, Y., et al. (2024) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s476051 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A historical review of promotions of physical activity for adolescents in China from 1949 to 2020
Gao, G., Liu, J., Xu, M., Xia, R., & Zhao, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1415513 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Bozkurt, B. K., Ermumcu, M. Ş. K., Gövez, N. E., Bozkurt, O., Akpinar, Ş., Çelik, Ö. M., Köksal, E., & Tek, N. A. (2023) · Nutrición Hospitalaria · doi:10.20960/nh.04545 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Potential Predictors of Psychological Wellbeing in Elementary School Students
Chen, J., Wang, X., Wu, S., Zhong, J., & Chen, W. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8090798 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Zhao, W., Su, D., Mo, L., Chen, C., Ye, B., Qin, S., Liu, J., & Pang, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2021.728841 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“4% adhered to the screen time guideline of 2 h daily (43).”
BackgroundPhysical Activity and Lifestyle Behaviors in Children and Adolescents
de Almeida, A. A., & Noll, M. A. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11111403 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“If your response is “yes”, schools appear to be a good local for reaching all young people students individually [25] and growth the physical activity time [26].”
Yapar, A., ÖZGİDER, C., Adiloğulları, İ., Bavlı, Ö., & ADİLOĞULLARI, G. E. (2025) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-025-01166-7 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“PA has gained prominence as a protective factor in facilitating the recovery of adolescents from the mental health challenges they encountered during the global health crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic [30].”
Johannes, C., & Roman, N. V. (2025) · The Open Public Health Journal · doi:10.2174/0118749445392277250428114135 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Qian, Y., & Lou, H. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-24604-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…survey and longitudinal tracking support that physical activity can buffer the effects of stress events on stress symptoms in adolescents, which is consistent with the research results of Chen et al. [41] and Sallis et al. [42] on the impact of physical activity on adolescents’ health.”
Wang, J., Li, F., Wu, L., Wang, Z., Xie, T., Ruan, L., Yan, S., & Su, Y. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su141911956 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation“11 for Health” in China – Effects on physical fitness in 9–11‐year‐old schoolchildren
Zhen, L., Krustrup, P., Randers, M. B., Xu, B., Weixin, Y., Huang, Z., & Mao, L. (2023) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2023.2227139 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Children aged 9 – 12 are at the peak of their growth and development, participating in physical activities and sports during that time can evoke a variety of bene fi ts for children ’ s physical, mental and cognitive health (Chen, Wang, et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationCheah, H. F. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33527 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Rosly, M. M. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9050704 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Yu, Y., Li, X., Yan, W., Feng, B., Yu, J., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.912965 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“This may be explained by several factors between urban and rural residence, including economic level, awareness and habit of regular PA (34).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPolo-Recuero, B., Ordóñez-Dios, A., Rojo‐Tirado, M. Á., & Calvo, A. L. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10101641 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“There are several strategies that could be proposed to increase adolescents’ physical activity, and schools seem to be the ideal place to reach every single student [4] and increase their physical activity time [5].”
BackgroundObesity vs. Metabolically Healthy Obesity in East Asia
Mathis, B. J., Tanaka, K., & Hiramatsu, Y. (2023) · Encyclopedia · doi:10.3390/encyclopedia3020053 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Wen, X., Zhu, F., Yuan, Z., & Mao, Z. (2022) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000030848 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“It still recommended that an active lifestyle and encourage participation in daily physical activity, including both light-intensity and moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activities.[67] As a common mental health problem anxiety may form in a little long-term.”
BackgroundZhou, B., Zhu, L., Du, X., & Meng, H. (2024) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.13157 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Despite prevailing expert consensus emphasizing the significance of physical activity, 44 it's essential to reiterate the universally positive impact of exercise on health, irrespective of age.”
Wang, W., Huang, Z., Gong, J., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-13319-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ge, S., Zhao, Y., Song, H., Guo, X., & Song, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1593491 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The national surveys also believe that rapidly changing digital media exposure and academic pressures further complicate adolescents’ participation in regular exercise (Chen et al., 2020).”
Huang, S., Sha, S., Du, W., Zhang, H., Wu, X., Jiang, C., Zhao, Y., & Yang, J. (2021) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-021-03054-8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Additional exercise is necessary to finally make up the time of daily active exercise to catch up with the recommended levels of physical activities, which is currently not met in school-aged adolescents by large [30].”
BackgroundSong, H., Li, Y., Zhang, Z., & Liu, T. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.109409 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Regarding students, previous study hasshownthattheobesityrateandcardiorespiratoryfitnessofChinesestudentsareworseningannually, 51 andsuchphysicalfitnessmaymake it difficult for some students to withstand the load of soccer exercise, which may lead to psychological rejection of students and may have…”
BackgroundZhang, R., Zhu, H., Xiao, Q., Wu, Q., Jin, Y., Liu, T., Liu, D., Cui, C., & Dong, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1452133 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Wang, L., Liang, L., Zhang, X., Chi, H., & Peng, F. L. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-82243-8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Contemporary prospects of youth sports and social integration among adolescents
Huang, Z., & Wang, W. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-11930-x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Xie, Y., Gu, H., Wei, Y., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-36905-8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Wu, R., Kong, S., & Kang, S.-J. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11010042 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…and obesity incidence among children to 28% by 2030 [18] by enacting the “Healthy China 2030” initiative, the first PA and health consensus statement for children and adolescents in China, which aims to boost the PA levels of children and adolescents and improve their physical fitness [19].”
BackgroundThe effects of physical activity on adolescents’ depression: evidence from China
Chen, H., Liu, M., Zhao, W., Wei, H., Zhang, Y., & Li, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1430145 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“This is similar to the findings of Chen et al. (2020) and Shimura et al. (2023), indicating that physical activity is not linearly associated with depression improvement (Chen et al., 2020; Shimura et al., 2023).”
Self-citationXiong, X., Zhang, W., An, Y., Meng, Y., Li, H., Zhen, Z., & Sun, J. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0278341 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“This is basically consistent with the results of the China Early Childhood Physical Health Monitoring Report [8, 9].”
Result
- Authors
- Chen, P., Wang, D., Shen, H., Yu, L., Gao, Q., Mao, L., Jiang, F., Luo, Y., Xie, M., Zhang, Y., Feng, L., Gao, F., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Luo, C., Nassis, G. P., Krustrup, P., Ainsworth, B. E., Harmer, P. A., & Li, F.
- Affiliations
- Shanghai University of Sport (CN)
- Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China (CN)
- Nanjing Medical University (CN)
- Shanghai Municipal People's Government (CN)
- Nanjing University (CN)
- Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (CN)
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Shenzhen University (CN)
- General Administration of Sport of China (CN)
- Tianjin University of Sport (CN)
- China Institute of Sport Science (CN)
- Air Force Medical University (CN)
- Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (CN)
- Shanghai Municipal Center For Disease Control Prevention (CN)
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- Willamette University (US)
- Oregon Research Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Peijie
- ORCID
- Venue
- British Journal of Sports Medicine
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2020-05-29
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 1321-1331
- ISSN
- 0306-3674 (ISSN-L)
- 1473-0480
- PMC
- PMC7606574
- OpenAlex
- W3028904203
- Semantic Scholar
- 08540a6100daf90bd64c4be4721b2ae4e434b971
- Cited by
- 225
- References
- 138
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 11.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- British Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- The National Social Science Fund of China (19ZDA352)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Social Sciences › Life-span and Life-course Studies › Sports and Physical Education Studies
- Keywords
- physical activity, children and adolescents, physical activity guidelines, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, childhood obesity, overweight, physical activity promotion, physical activity interventions, health promotion policy, Healthy China 2030, lifestyle-related diseases, Chinese youth
- MeSH terms
- Healthy Lifestyle, Academic Success, Adolescent, Child, China, Cognition, Environment, Health Policy, Humans, Physical Fitness, Social Class, Exercise, Healthy People Programs, Overweight, Pediatric Obesity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-08.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-08.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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