The DOI matches its Crossref record; 214 of the 214 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Microbiota, Immunoregulation, and Mental Health: Implications for Public Health
Open accessAbstract
The hygiene or "Old Friends" hypothesis proposes that the epidemic of inflammatory disease in modern urban societies stems at least in part from reduced exposure to microbes that normally prime mammalian immunoregulatory circuits and suppress inappropriate inflammation. Such diseases include but are not limited to allergies and asthma; we and others have proposed that the markedly reduced exposure to these Old Friends in modern urban societies may also increase vulnerability to neurodevelopmental disorders and stress-related psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and affective disorders, where data are emerging in support of inflammation as a risk factor. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the potential for Old Friends, including environmental microbial inputs, to modify risk for inflammatory disease, with a focus on neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions. We highlight potential mechanisms, involving bacterially derived metabolites, bacterial antigens, and helminthic antigens, through which these inputs promote immunoregulation. Though findings are encouraging, significant human subjects' research is required to evaluate the potential impact of Old Friends, including environmental microbial inputs, on biological signatures and clinically meaningful mental health prevention and intervention outcomes.
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“The increase of dysfunctional immunological responses in modern urban societies are posited to be at least in part associated with reduced exposure to commensal and environmental microorganisms that normally prime immunoregulatory circuits and suppress inappropriate inflammation (198).”
From Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain–Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as [198]
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Items 201–214 of 214
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Can we vaccinate against depression?
Rook, G. A. W., Raison, C. L., & Lowry, C. A. (2012) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2012.03.018 · Cited by 39
Self-citationProspecting Environmental Mycobacteria: Combined Molecular Approaches Reveal Unprecedented Diversity
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Self-citationThe hygiene hypothesis and affective and anxiety disorders
Rook, G. A. W., & Lowry, C. A. (2009) · Birkhäuser Basel eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7643-8903-1_11 · Cited by 13
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Rook GAW, Raison CL, Lowry CA. In: Heidt PJ, Midtvedt T, Rusch V, Versalovic J, editors. Microbial “Old Friends”, immunoregulation and psychiatric disorders. Old Herborn University Press; 2013. p. 61–90. Old Herborn University Monograph, vol. 26. · DOI
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Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain–Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders
Breit, S., Kupferberg, A., Rogler, G., & Hasler, G. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00044 · Cited by 1,189
“The increase of dysfunctional immunological responses in modern urban societies are posited to be at least in part associated with reduced exposure to commensal and environmental microorganisms that normally prime immunoregulatory circuits and suppress inappropriate inflammation (198).”
BackgroundNew evidences on the altered gut microbiota in autism spectrum disorders
Strati, F., Cavalieri, D., Albanese, D., De Felice, C., Donati, C., Hayek, J., Jousson, O., Leoncini, S., Renzi, D., Calabrò, A., et al. (2017) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-017-0242-1 · Cited by 1,040
Gut microbiota: A player in aging and a target for anti-aging intervention
Vaiserman, A. M., Koliada, A. K., & Marotta, F. (2017) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2017.01.001 · Cited by 465
The Microbiome and Human Biology
Knight, R., Callewaert, C., Marotz, C., Hyde, E. R., Debelius, J. W., McDonald, D., & Sogin, M. L. (2017) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-083115-022438 · Cited by 373
Self-citationPrescott, S. L., Larcombe, D.-L., Logan, A. C., West, C., Burks, W., Caraballo, L., Levin, M., Etten, E. V., Horwitz, P., Kozyrskyj, A., et al. (2017) · World Allergy Organization Journal · doi:10.1186/s40413-017-0160-5 · Cited by 347
Metadata
- Authors
- Lowry, C. A., Smith, D. G., Siebler, P. H., Schmidt, D., Stamper, C. E., Hassell, J. E., Yamashita, P. S., Fox, J. H., Reber, S. O., Brenner, L. A., Hoisington, A. J., Postolache, T. T., Kinney, K. A., Marciani, D., Hernandez, M., Hemmings, S. M. J., Malan-Muller, S., Wright, K. P., Knight, R., Raison, C. L., & Rook, G. A. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- VA Rocky Mountain Network (US)
- United States Air Force Academy (US)
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Stellenbosch University (ZA)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lowry, Christopher A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Current Environmental Health Reports
- Published
- 2016-07-19
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 270-286
- ISSN
- 2196-5412 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5763918
- OpenAlex
- W2476783501
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 214
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 1.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Current Environmental Health Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH086539)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA019921)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- hygiene hypothesis, old friends hypothesis, microbiota, immune regulation, mental health, neurodevelopmental disorders, anxiety, mood disorders, inflammation, allergic diseases, asthma, bacterial antigens, helminth antigens, urbanization
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anxiety, Depression, Humans, Inflammation, Mental Health, Public Health, Immunomodulation, Microbiota
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