Cited by 179Gut microbiota and healthTryptophan and brain disordersNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms

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The Microbiota, Immunoregulation, and Mental Health: Implications for Public Health

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Lowry, Christopher A., Smith, David G., Siebler, Philip H., Schmidt, Dominic, Stamper, Christopher E., Hassell, James E., Yamashita, Paula S., Fox, James H., Reber, Stefan O., Brenner, Lisa A., Hoisington, Andrew J., Postolache, Teodor T., Kinney, Kerry A., Marciani, Dante, Hernandez, Mark, Hemmings, Sian M. J., Malan-Muller, Stefanie, Wright, Kenneth P., Knight, Rob, Raison, Charles L., Rook, Graham A. W.·2016·Current Environmental Health Reports

DOI 10.1007/s40572-016-0100-5PMC PMC5763918

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Abstract

The hygiene or "Old Friends" hypothesis proposes that the epidemic of inflammatory disease in modern urban societies stems at least in part from reduced exposure to microbes that normally prime mammalian immunoregulatory circuits and suppress inappropriate inflammation. Such diseases include but are not limited to allergies and asthma; we and others have proposed that the markedly reduced exposure to these Old Friends in modern urban societies may also increase vulnerability to neurodevelopmental disorders and stress-related psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and affective disorders, where data are emerging in support of inflammation as a risk factor. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the potential for Old Friends, including environmental microbial inputs, to modify risk for inflammatory disease, with a focus on neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions. We highlight potential mechanisms, involving bacterially derived metabolites, bacterial antigens, and helminthic antigens, through which these inputs promote immunoregulation. Though findings are encouraging, significant human subjects' research is required to evaluate the potential impact of Old Friends, including environmental microbial inputs, on biological signatures and clinically meaningful mental health prevention and intervention outcomes.

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Rook GAW, Raison CL, Lowry CA. In: Heidt PJ, Midtvedt T, Rusch V, Versalovic J, editors. Microbial “Old Friends”, immunoregulation and psychiatric disorders. Old Herborn University Press; 2013. p. 61–90. Old Herborn University Monograph, vol. 26. · DOI

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Authors: Lowry, C. A., Smith, D. G., Siebler, P. H., Schmidt, D., Stamper, C. E., Hassell, J. E., Yamashita, P. S., Fox, J. H., Reber, S. O., Brenner, L. A., Hoisington, A. J., Postolache, T. T., Kinney, K. A., Marciani, D., Hernandez, M., Hemmings, S. M. J., Malan-Muller, S., Wright, K. P., Knight, R., Raison, C. L., & Rook, G. A. W.
Affiliations: University of Colorado Boulder (US)
Universität Ulm (DE)
VA Rocky Mountain Network (US)
United States Air Force Academy (US)
University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
The University of Texas at Austin (US)
Stellenbosch University (ZA)
University of California San Diego (US)
University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
University College London (GB)
Corresponding author: Lowry, Christopher A.
ORCID: Lowry, Christopher A.
Smith, David G.
Stamper, Christopher E.
Hassell, James E.
Reber, Stefan O.
Brenner, Lisa A.
Hoisington, Andrew J.
Postolache, Teodor T.
Kinney, Kerry A.
Marciani, Dante
Hernandez, Mark
Hemmings, Sian M. J.
Wright, Kenneth P.
Knight, Rob
Raison, Charles L.
Rook, Graham A. W.
Venue: Current Environmental Health Reports
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2016-07-19
Volume: 3
Issue: 3
Pages: 270-286
ISSN: 2196-5412 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1007/s40572-016-0100-5
PMC: PMC5763918
OpenAlex: W2476783501
Cited by: 172
References: 214
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 2
FWCI: 1.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Current Environmental Health Reports (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH086539)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA019921)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Keywords: hygiene hypothesis, old friends hypothesis, microbiota, immune regulation, mental health, neurodevelopmental disorders, anxiety, mood disorders, inflammation, allergic diseases, asthma, bacterial antigens, helminth antigens, urbanization
MeSH terms: Animals, Anxiety, Depression, Humans, Inflammation, Mental Health, Public Health, Immunomodulation, Microbiota

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The Microbiota, Immunoregulation, and Mental Health: Implications for Public Health

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