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New evidences on the altered gut microbiota in autism spectrum disorders
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by social and behavioural impairments. In addition to neurological symptoms, ASD subjects frequently suffer from gastrointestinal abnormalities, thus implying a role of the gut microbiota in ASD gastrointestinal pathophysiology. RESULTS: Here, we characterized the bacterial and fungal gut microbiota in a cohort of autistic individuals demonstrating the presence of an altered microbial community structure. A fraction of 90% of the autistic subjects were classified as severe ASDs. We found a significant increase in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in autistic subjects due to a reduction of the Bacteroidetes relative abundance. At the genus level, we observed a decrease in the relative abundance of Alistipes, Bilophila, Dialister, Parabacteroides, and Veillonella in the ASD cohort, while Collinsella, Corynebacterium, Dorea, and Lactobacillus were significantly increased. Constipation has been then associated with different bacterial patterns in autistic and neurotypical subjects, with constipated autistic individuals characterized by high levels of bacterial taxa belonging to Escherichia/Shigella and Clostridium cluster XVIII. We also observed that the relative abundance of the fungal genus Candida was more than double in the autistic than neurotypical subjects, yet due to a larger dispersion of values, this difference was only partially significant. CONCLUSIONS: The finding that, besides the bacterial gut microbiota, also the gut mycobiota contributes to the alteration of the intestinal microbial community structure in ASDs opens the possibility for new potential intervention strategies aimed at the relief of gastrointestinal symptoms in ASDs.
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Alterations in the gut microbiota of individuals with ASD include imbalances in the abundance of Gram-negative bacteria involved in sulfur metabolism, such as an increased presence of Bilophila and a decreased abundance of Desulfovibrio.
“Alterations in the gut microbiota of individuals with ASD, including imbalances in the abundance of Gram-negative bacteria involved in sulfur metabolism, such as an increased presence of Bilophila and a decreased abundance of Desulfovibrio, may affect the availability of sulfur metabolites and disrupt the biochemical homeostasis of the body [17,18].”
From The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
Studies suggest a potential increase in the prevalence of Lactobacillus in the fecal samples of patients diagnosed with ASD.
“Additionally, studies suggest a potential increase in the prevalence of Lactobacillus in the fecal samples of patients diagnosed with ASD [8,18,50,96,97,98,102,103,106,109,110,111].”
From The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
The prevalence of bacteria from the genus Dorea is higher in patients with ASD in comparison to healthy individuals.
“A recent study has shown that the prevalence of bacteria from the genus Dorea is higher in patients with ASD in comparison to healthy individuals [18,52].”
From The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
Independent studies have indicated a potential increase in the abundance of Collinsella, Eggerthella, Haemophilus, Klebsiella, and Phyllobacterium bacteria in the intestines of individuals diagnosed with ASD compared to the general population.
“Furthermore, the findings of independent studies have indicated a potential increase in the abundance of Collinsella, Eggerthella, Haemophilus, Klebsiella, and Phyllobacterium bacteria in the intestines of individuals diagnosed with ASD compared to the general population [18,102,104,111].”
From The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
Recent scientific research studies have shown a lower prevalence of the bacteria Blautia, Dialister, and Bilophila in ASD.
“Moreover, recent scientific research studies have shown a lower prevalence of the bacteria Blautia, Dialister, and Bilophila [18,103].”
From The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
Coretti et al. described a decrease in the populations of Corynebacterium and Actinomyces in individuals with ASD, while other authors have shown that the population of these bacteria should be elevated.
“Coretti et al. described a decrease in the populations of Corynebacterium and Actinomyces in individuals with ASD; nevertheless, other authors have shown that the population of these bacteria should be elevated [18,89,101,112].”
From The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
A reduction in the number of bacteria from the Veillonella and Streptococcus genera was observed in patients with ASD.
“Additionally, there was a corresponding reduction in the number of bacteria from the Veillonella and Streptococcus genera, which are classified within these families [8,18,52,101,107,112,114,115].”
From The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
A notable decrease in the prevalence of bacteria from the Veillonellaceae and Streptococcaceae families was observed in patients with ASD.
“A notable decrease in the prevalence of bacteria from the Veillonellaceae and Streptococcaceae families was observed in patients with ASD.”
From The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
Strati et al. demonstrated a decline in the presence of Parabacteroides in a population with ASD, while numerous scientific studies have indicated that the abundance of this bacterium, particularly P. distasonis, should be elevated compared to healthy populations.
“Strati et al. demonstrated a decline in the presence of Parabacteroides in a population with ASD; nevertheless, numerous scientific studies have indicated that the abundance of this bacterium, particularly P. distasonis, should be elevated in comparison to healthy populations [18,52,89,101,113].”
From The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
ASD is associated with overgrowth of Candida spp. that can produce ammonia and other toxins contributing to autistic behavior.
“overgrowth of Candida spp. that can produce ammonia and other toxins contributing to autistic behavior [235]”
From The Role of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Neuropsychiatric and Neurological Disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [235]
A large recent study of 40 ASD children (36 severe) and 40 typically developing controls found decreased abundance of Alistipes, Bilophila, Dialister, Parabacteroides, and Veillonella families but increased Collinsella, Corynebacterium, Dorea, and Lactobacillus.
“One of the largest of recent studies that looked at 40 ASD (36 severe) and 40 typically developing control children found decreased abundance of the Alistipes, Bilophila, Dialister, Parabacteroides, and Veillonella families but increased Collinsella, Corynebacterium, Dorea, and Lactobacillus, suggesting major changes in the microbiota composition in ASD.”
From The Gut Microbiota and Dysbiosis in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as [78]
Some patients with ASD present a decreased Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio.
“some patients with ASD present a decreased Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio (Strati et al., 2017; Tomova et al., 2015)”
From Mechanisms underlying microbial-mediated changes in social behavior in mouse models of autism spectrum disorder (2019) · cites this paper as Strati et al., 2017
Three of the studies analyzed find a relationship between gut microbiota abundance and GIS in children with ASD.
“Three of the studies analyzed [75,76,77] find a relationship between gut microbiota abundance and GIS in children with ASD.”
From Food Selectivity and Its Implications Associated with Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (2022) · cites this paper as [76]
Strati et al. (2017) found a higher abundance of Escherichia/Shigella and the cluster of clostridium XVIII associated with GIS and/or constipation (p < 0.05).
“Similar to the recent study mentioned above [75], the research carried out by Strati et al. (2017) finds a higher abundance of Escherichia/Shigella, and the cluster of clostridium XVIII associated with GIS and/or constipation (p < 0.05) [76].”
From Food Selectivity and Its Implications Associated with Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (2022) · cites this paper as [76]
A recent study on 40 people with ASD and 40 NT controls confirmed a different bacterial composition of the GI tract and altered fungal colonization, with genus Candida up to 2 times greater than in the control population.
“A recent study, conducted on a set of 40 people with ASD and a control group of 40 NT, confirmed a different bacterial composition of the GI tract, but also showed an altered fungal colonization, in particular, the genus Candida was identified as the most important distribution, with a representation up to 2 times greater than that of the control population [149].”
From Autism, Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Nutritional Interventions (2019) · cites this paper as [149]
The abundance of Faecalibacterium was significantly higher in children with ASD compared to controls.
“The abundance of Faecalibacterium was significantly higher in children with ASD compared to controls (30).”
From Association Between Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2019) · cites this paper as [30]
This is the first meta-analysis that systematically reviewed published data and examined microbiota alterations in patients with ASD.
“Although several reviews suggested a microbiota alteration in patients with ASD (28, 30, 55–60), this is the first meta-analysis that systematically reviewed published data and examined microbiota alterations in patients with ASD.”
From Association Between Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2019) · cites this paper as [30]
Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, and Desulfovibrio were all increased in ASD patients rather than controls.
“In contrast, Lactobacillus18,28, Bacteroides23,27, and Desulfovibrio27,28 were all increased in ASD patients rather than controls.”
From Altered composition and function of intestinal microbiota in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [18]
Dorea and Sutterella were reported increased significantly in ASD patients, but were reported decreased in another study.
“Dorea18,23 and Sutterella25,29 were reported increased significantly in ASD patients, but they were reported decreased in another study17.”
From Altered composition and function of intestinal microbiota in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [18]
Ten studies analyzed β-diversity, and six consistently reported that the microbiota of ASD patients clustered significantly apart from that of healthy controls.
“In this systematic review, ten studies analyzed β-diversity (unweighted UniFrac distance, weighted UniFrac distances, and Bray-Curtis), six of them consistently reported that the microbiota of ASD patients clustered significantly apart from that of HCs16–18,23,27.”
From Altered composition and function of intestinal microbiota in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [18]
Three studies indicated a higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in ASD patients than in healthy controls due to a significant increase of Firmicutes and/or a reduction of Bacteroidetes.
“Three studies indicated a clear alteration of the gut bacterial community in ASD patients characterized by a higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in ASD than that in HCs due to a significant increase of Firmicutes and/or a reduction of Bacteroidetes18,24,28.”
From Altered composition and function of intestinal microbiota in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [18]
The abundance of Blautia, Dialister, Prevotella, Turicibacter, and Veillonella were all decreased in ASD patients.
“Consistent with this, the abundance of Blautia17,20, Dialister18,27, Prevotella16,22,23, Turicibacter23,27 and Veillonella18,22 were all decreased.”
From Altered composition and function of intestinal microbiota in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [18]
Three studies indicated that the functional modules of gut microbiota in ASD patients were substantially different from those in healthy controls.
“Among them, three studies18,19,22 indicated the functional modules of gut microbiota in ASD patients were substantially different from that in HCs (Fig. 2).”
From Altered composition and function of intestinal microbiota in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [18]
Enterobacter and Shigella were increased in ASD patients and were positively correlated with GI symptoms in autism.
“De Angelis et al.23 indicated that Enterobacter and Shigella were increased in ASD patients, which were positively correlated with the GI symptoms in autism18.”
From Altered composition and function of intestinal microbiota in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [18]
In Strati et al., the pathways with highest discriminative power in healthy controls were Glycan Biosynthesis and Metabolism, Membrane and intracellular structural molecules, Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis proteins, Pores ion channels, and Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis; in ASD patients, they were ABC transporters, Replication recombination and repair proteins, Lysine biosynthesis, Genetic信息处理,
“In the study of Strati et al.18 (Fig. 2a), the pathways with the highest five discriminative power in HCs were “Glycan Biosynthesis and Metabolism”, “Membrane and intracellular structural molecules”, “Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis proteins”, “Pores ion channels” and “Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis”. The pathways with the highest discriminative power in ASD patients were “ABC transporters” under”
From Altered composition and function of intestinal microbiota in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [18]
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ResultInfluentialSystematic Review: Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Gut Microbiota
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“…, Alistipes , Phascolarctobacterium , Butyricicoccus and Prevotellaceae_UCG_001 , which are positively correlated with SCFA production and cognitive function ( Verhaar et al., 2021 ; Strati et al., 2017 ; Zhang et al., 2021 ; Qian et al., 2018 ), were significantly decreased ( P < 0 .”
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Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Neuroinflammatory Mediated Mechanism of Pathogenesis?
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Metadata
- Authors
- Strati, F., Cavalieri, D., Albanese, D., De Felice, C., Donati, C., Hayek, J., Jousson, O., Leoncini, S., Renzi, D., Calabrò, A., & De Filippo, C.
- Affiliations
- Fondazione Edmund Mach (IT)
- University of Florence (IT)
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese (IT)
- University of Trento (IT)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Microbiome
- Published
- 2017-02-22
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 24-24
- ISSN
- 2049-2618 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5320696
- OpenAlex
- W2589674438
- Cited by
- 1,040
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 57 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 127 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 148 · 2021: 140 · 2020: 135 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 23
- FWCI
- 35.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Microbiome (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Iris (University of Trento) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (Fondazione Edmund Mach) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Fondazione Edmund Mach
- Provincia Autonoma di Trento
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, gut microbiota, gut mycobiome, Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, Bacteroidetes, constipation, Candida, Escherichia-Shigella, Lactobacillus, Parabacteroides, gastrointestinal symptoms, microbial community structure
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Bacillota, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Mycobiome, Adolescent, Bacteria, Child, Child, Preschool, Clostridium, Constipation, Feces, Female, Fungi, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Humans, Lactobacillus, Male, Gastrointestinal Tract
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