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Cited by 255Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive LearningSocial Robot Interaction and HRIVisual and Cognitive Learning Processes

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Face-to-Face Interaction with Pedagogical Agents, Twenty Years Later

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Johnson, W. Lewis, Lester, James C.·2016·International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
DOI 10.1007/s40593-015-0065-9
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Abstract

Johnson et al. ( International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education , 11 , 47–78, 2000 ) introduced and surveyed a new paradigm for interactive learning environments: animated pedagogical agents. The article argued for combining animated interface agent technologies with intelligent learning environments, yielding intelligent systems that can interact with learners in natural, human-like ways to achieve better learning outcomes. We outlined a variety of possible uses for pedagogical agents. But we offered only preliminary evidence that they improve learning, leaving that to future research and development. Twenty years have elapsed since work began on animated pedagogical agents. This article re-examines the concepts and predictions in the 2000 article in the context of the current state of the field. Some of the ideas in the paper have become well established and widely adopted, especially in game-based learning environments. Others are only now being realized, thanks to advances in immersive interfaces and robotics that enable rich face-to-face interaction between learners and agents. Research has confirmed that pedagogical agents can be beneficial, but not equally for all learning problems, applications, and learner populations. Although there is a growing body of research findings about pedagogical agents, many questions remain and much work remains to be done.

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Show all 37 references

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Johnson, W.L. (2015b). Constructing Virtual Role-Play Simulations. in R Sottilare, A. Graesser, X. Hu, K. Brawner (Eds.), Design Recommendations for Adaptive Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Authoring Tools, 3, 211-226. Orlando: US Army Research Laboratory.
  2. Johnson, W.L., Friedland, L., Schrider, P., Valente, A., & Sheridan, S. (2011). The Virtual Cultural Awareness Trainer (VCAT): Joint Knowledge Online’s (JKO’s) Solution to the Individual Operational Culture and Language Training Gap. In Proceedings of ITEC 2011. London: Clarion Events.
  3. Lester, J.C., Converse, S.A., Stone, B.A., Kahler, S.E., & Barlow, S.T. (1997b). Animated pedagogical agents and problem-solving effectiveness: A large-scale empirical evaluation. In Proceedings of the Eighth World Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (pp. 23–30). Amsterdam: IOS Press.
  4. Rickel, J., & Johnson, W.L. (1999). Virtual humans for team training in virtual reality. In Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education. Amsterdam: IOS Press.

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Metadata

Authors
Johnson, W. L., & Lester, J. C.
Affiliations
  • Alelo (United States) (US)
  • North Carolina State University (US)
Corresponding author
Johnson, W. Lewis
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2016-03
Volume
26
Issue
1
Pages
25-36
ISSN
1560-4292 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1007/s40593-015-0065-9
OpenAlex
W2171876690
Cited by
255
References
37
Citations by year
2026: 49 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 5
FWCI
11.09
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
National Science Foundation (1321056, 1409639, 1138497, 1344803, 0822200, 1020229)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
Keywords
educational agents, animated agents, face-to-face interaction, smart learning environments, game-based learning, immersive interfaces, educational robotics, human-agent interaction, learning outcomes

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