Contexts of Resistance in African American Western Massachusetts: A View from the W. E. B. Du Bois Homesite in Great Barrington, Massachusetts
Abstract
The childhood home of W. E. B. Du Bois in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, has been the focus of archaeological research since the 1980s. Reports of this work have mainly focused on the materials recovered from the site, the people who created it, and its implications for African American archaeology. In this article we report on the regional contexts for the site and its residents, and the role of African American “homeplaces” within this larger context, issues that will guide future work at the W. E. B. Du Bois Homesite.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment.
Brewer, R. M., & Collins, P. H. (1992) · Contemporary Sociology · doi:10.2307/2074808 · Cited by 19,445 · see citing works
hooks, B. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315743110 · Cited by 4,490 · see citing works
Bois, W. E. B. D. (2007) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 947 · see citing works
Berlin, I. (1998) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/9780674020825 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview.
Williams, V. J., & Smedley, A. (1994) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/2167903 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Too heavy a load: black women in defense of themselves, 1894-1994
(1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-4684 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World
Davis, D. B. (2006) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195140736.001.0001 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America
Davis, D. B., & Berlin, I. (1999) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/2649609 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
There is a river : the Black struggle for freedom in America
Harding, V. G. (1997) · Cited by 368 · see citing works
DuBois, W. E. B. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781351318365 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Seizing intellectual power: The dialogue at the New York African Burial Ground
LaRoche, C. J., & Blakey, M. L. (1997) · Historical Archaeology · doi:10.1007/bf03374233 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Archaeology and Culture History in the Central Niger Delta
Derefaka, A. A., & Gundu, Z. A. (2007) · ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) · doi:10.7275/312 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
"I, Too, Am America": Archaeological Studies of African-American Life
Kamoie, L. C., & Singleton, T. A. (2001) · The Journal of Southern History · doi:10.2307/3070031 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868-1919
Stuart, J., & Lewis, D. L. (1995) · The History Teacher · doi:10.2307/494655 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Archaeology of Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora
Kelly, K. G. (2009) · Azania Archaeological Research in Africa · doi:10.1080/00671990903052298 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States, 1790-1860.
Frazier, E. F., & Litwack, L. F. (1961) · The Journal of Southern History · doi:10.2307/2204324 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
A Black feminist-inspired archaeology?
Franklin, M. (2001) · Journal of Social Archaeology · doi:10.1177/146960530100100108 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society
Dubinsky, E. (2010) · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Wilkie, L. A. (2003) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203821176 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Blakey, M. L. (1998) · Transforming Anthropology · doi:10.1525/tran.1998.7.1.53 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Page, H., & Thomas, R. B. (1994) · Medical Anthropology Quarterly · doi:10.1525/maq.1994.8.1.02a00120 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
The Negro in the American Revolution
Higginbotham, D., & Quarles, B. (1962) · The William and Mary Quarterly · doi:10.2307/1920099 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Opportunity Denied: Limiting Black Women to Devalued Work
Branch, E. H. (2011) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Nash, G. B. (1990) · Rowman & Littlefield Publishers eBooks · doi:10.5040/9798881828752 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
The First Emancipation: The Abolition of Slavery in the North
Towner, L. W., & Zilversmit, A. (1968) · The New England Quarterly · doi:10.2307/363350 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Black Bostonians: Family Life and Community Struggle in the Antebellum North
Kusmer, K. L., Horton, J. O., & Horton, L. E. (1982) · Ethnohistory · doi:10.2307/481106 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Sweet, J. (2003) · Johns Hopkins University Press eBooks · doi:10.56021/9780801873782 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Mack, M. E., & Blakey, M. L. (2004) · Historical Archaeology · doi:10.1007/bf03376629 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
homeplace a site of resistance
Hooks, B. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315743110-11 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Memory in black and white: race, commemoration, and the post-bellum landscape
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-1135 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Viewing the color line through the material culture of death
Garman, J. C. (1994) · Historical Archaeology · doi:10.1007/bf03374191 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
New York burning: liberty, slavery and conspiracy in eighteenth-century Manhattan
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-6101 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
New Philadelphia: an archaeology of race in the heartland
Shackel, P. A. (2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-5301 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The landscapes of northern bondage
Fitts, R. K. (1996) · Historical Archaeology · doi:10.1007/bf03373588 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Free black communities and the Underground Railroad: the geography of resistance
(2014) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.52-0457 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Through a glass darkly: reflections on personal identity in early America
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-3512 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Memory In Black And White: Race, Commemoration, And The Post-Bellum Landscape
Shackel, P. A. (2004) · Civil War Book Review · doi:10.31390/cwbr.6.3.7 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Levine, M. A., Britt, K. M., & Delle, J. A. (2005) · International Journal of Heritage Studies · doi:10.1080/13527250500337447 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Minardi, M. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195379372.001.0001 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution.
Bogin, R., Kaplan, S. M., & Kaplan, E. N. (1991) · The Journal of Southern History · doi:10.2307/2209947 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Bullen, A. K., & Bullen, R. P. (1945) · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Delle, J. A., & Levine, M. A. (2004) · Northeast Historical Archaeology · doi:10.22191/neha/vol33/iss1/10 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance
Hayes, K. (2015) · Journal of American History · doi:10.1093/jahist/jav066 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF ANTISLAVERY RESISTANCE
Beckles, H. M. (2012) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2012.732230 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The archaeology of antislavery resistance
(2012) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.49-6489 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Those about him remained silent: the battle over W. E. B. Du Bois
(2010) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.47-4598 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution, 1770-1800
Billings, W. M., & Kaplan, S. M. (1974) · The New England Quarterly · doi:10.2307/364393 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Quok Walker, Mumbet, and the Abolition of Slavery in Massachusetts
Zilversmit, A. (1968) · The William and Mary Quarterly · doi:10.2307/1916801 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Archaeology of Race in the Northeast
(2015) · University Press of Florida eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctvx06xs7 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Afro-Americans in the Massachusetts historical landscape
Paynter, R. (2004) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203167892-8 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationArchaeology at the Parvin Homestead: Searching for the Material Legacy of the Underground Railroad
Delle, J. A., & Shellenhamer, J. (2008) · Historical Archaeology · doi:10.1007/bf03377073 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Hayes, K. H. (2016) · New York University Press eBooks · doi:10.18574/nyu/9780814785775.001.0001 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
W.E.B. Du Bois and the Material World of African-Americans in Great Barrington, Massachusetts
Paynter, R., & Allen, E. (1992) · Critique of Anthropology · doi:10.1177/0308275x9201200305 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationBefore Freedom Came: African-American Life in the Antebellum South
Sorin, G., Campbell, E. D. C., & Rice, K. S. (1992) · Journal of the Early Republic · doi:10.2307/3124007 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Archaeology of Sylvester Manor
Mrozowski, S. A., Hayes, K. H., & Hancock, A. P. (2007) · Northeast Historical Archaeology · doi:10.22191/neha/vol36/iss1/3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Cushing, J. D. (1961) · American Journal of Legal History · doi:10.2307/844116 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor
Hayes, K. H. (2007) · Northeast Historical Archaeology · doi:10.22191/neha/vol36/iss1/5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Woodruff, J., Sawyer, G., & Perry, W. R. (2007) · Connecticut History Review · doi:10.2307/44369776 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
(2010) · Journal for the Anthropology of North America · doi:10.1111/(issn)1556-4819 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Contesting Culture Histories in Archaeology and Their Engagement with Marx
Paynter, R. (2005) · Rethinking Marxism · doi:10.1080/08935690500122214 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationJim Crow Railroads in Massachusetts
Ruchames, L. (1956) · American Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2710298 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Archaeology of Captivity and Freedom at Joseph Lloyd Manor
Coplin, J. W., & Matthews, C. R. (2007) · ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Douyard, C. M. (2014) · Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage · doi:10.1179/2161944114z.00000000018 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Looking for Africans in Seventeenth-Century New Amsterdam
CANTWELL, A. E., & Wall, D. D. (2015) · University Press of Florida eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctvx06xs7.6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Racialization of Labor in Early Nineteenth-Century Upstate New York
Delle, J. A., & Fellows, K. R. (2015) · University Press of Florida eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctvx06xs7.8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bulger, T. D. (2015) · University Press of Florida eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctvx06xs7.9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Building an Historical Landscape, Commemorating W. E. B. Du Bois
Paynter, R. (2014) · International Journal of Historical Archaeology · doi:10.1007/s10761-014-0260-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationBorn in the U.S.A.: Birth, Commemoration, and American Public Memory
Pustz, J. (2013) · Journal of American History · doi:10.1093/jahist/jat116 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 31
- Amott, Teresa L., and Julie A. Matthaei 1991 Race, Gender, and Work. South End Press, Boston, MA.
- Baker, Vernon G. 1978 Historical Archaeology at Black Lucy’s Garden, Andover, Massachusetts: Ceramics from the Site of a Nineteenth-Century Afro-American. Papers of the Robert S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology, Vol. 8. Andover, MA.
- Bartle, Barbara, Elaine S. Gunn, Eve Perera, and Sue Denault 2006 Underground Railroad. In African American Heritage in the Upper Housatonic Valley, David Levinson, pp. 25–29. Berkshire Publishing Group, Great Barrington, MA.
- Battle-Baptiste, Whitney L. 2011 Black Feminist Archaeology. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, CA.
- Belknap, Jeremy, and St. George Tucker 1835 Queries Respecting the Slavery and Emancipation of Negroes in Massachusetts, Proposed by the Hon. Judge Tucker of Virginia, and Answered by the Rev. Dr. Belknap. In Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, ser. 1, Vol. 4, pp. 191–211. Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston. MHS Collections Online, Massachusetts Historical Society< http://www.masshist.org/database/viewer.php?item_id=693&mode=dual&img_step=1#page1 >. Accessed 22 April 2019.
- Bell, Edward L. 2016b Obtaining Her Liberty: The 1771 Freedom Suit of Nancy Parker of Andover, Massachusetts (with Notes and Suggested Readings for Educators and Researchers on Massachusetts Slavery and Emancipation). Paper presented at the conference “Obtaining Her Liberty: The 1771 Freedom Suit of Nancy Parker of Andover, Massachusetts,” Salem State College, Salem, MA.
- Bower, Beth Anne 1991 Material Culture in Boston: The Black Experience. In The Archaeology of Inequality, Randall H. McGuire and Robert Paynter, editors, pp. 55–63. Basil Blackwell, Oxford, UK.
- Deetz, James F. 1977 In Small Things Forgotten. Anchor Press/Doubleday, New York, NY.
- Drew, Bernard A. 2004 If They Close the Door on You, Go in the Window: Origins of the African American Community in Sheffield, Great Barrington and Stockbridge. Attic Revivals Press, Great Barrington, MA.
- Drew, Bernard A. 2006 Dr. Du Bois Rebuilds His Dream House. Attic Revivals Press, Great Barrington, MA.
- Drew, Bernard A., Mary Jane Caliento, and Gail Pinna 2006 Gulf Road/Wizard’s Glen. In African American Heritage in the Upper Housatonic Valley, David Levinson, editor, pp. 164–165. Berkshire Publishing Group, Great Barrington, MA.
- Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt 1928 The House of the Black Burghardts. Crisis 35(4):133–134.
- Fletcher, Rachel 2006 W. E. B. Du Bois Memorial Committee. In African American Heritage in the Upper Housatonic Valley, David Levinson, editor, pp. 37–39. Berkshire Publishing Group, Great Barrington, MA.
- Greene, Lorenzo Johnston 1942 The Negro in Colonial New England, 1620–1776. Columbia University Press, New York, NY.
- Gunn, Elaine S. 2006 Elaine Gunn’s Reflections: Life in the Invisible Community. In African American Heritage in the Upper Housatonic Valley, David Levinson, editor, pp. 150–156. Berkshire Publising Group, Great Barrington, MA.
- Horton, James Oliver (editor) 1993a Free People of Color:Inside the African American Community. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
- Horton, James Oliver 1993b Northern Free Blacks: The Scholarly Discussion. In Free People of Color, James Oliver Horton. editor, pages 1-17. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
- Hutchins, Karen A. 2013 “In Pursuit of Full Freedom”: An Archaeological and Historical Examination of the Free African-American Community at Parting Ways, Massachusetts, 1779–1900. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Archaeology, Boston University, Boston, MA. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.
- Martin, Anthony 2017 On the Landscape for a Very, Very Long Time: African American Resistance and Resilience in 19th and Early 20th Century Massachusetts. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.
- Matthews, Christopher N. 2012 Emancipation Landscapes: Archaeologies of Racial Modernity and the Public Sphere in Early New York. In Archaeology and the Importance of Material Things II, Julie Schablitsky and Mark P. Leone, editors, pp. 63–92. Society for Historical Archaeology, Rockville, MD.
- Matthews, Christopher N., and Allison Manfra McGovern 2015 The Archaeology of Race in the Northeast. In The Archaeology of Race in the Northeast, Christopher N. Matthews and Allison Manfra McGovern, editors, pp. 2–25. University of Florida Press, Gainesville. · DOI
- Melish, Joanne Pope 1998 Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and “Race” in New England, 1780–1860. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
- Muller, Nancy 1994 The House of the Black Burghardts: An Investigation of Race, Gender, and Class at the W. E. B. Du Bois Boyhood Homesite. In Those of Little Note, Elizabeth M. Scott, editor, pp. 81–94. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
- Muller, Nancy 2001 W. E. B. Du Bois and the House of the Black Burghardts: Land, Family and African Americans in New England. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.
- Perry, Warren R. 1997 Analysis of the African Burial Ground Archaeological Materials. Newsletter of the African Burial Ground and Five Points Archaeological Projects 2(2):1,3–5,14.
- Perry, Warren R., Jean Howson, and Ruth Mathis 2001 New York’s African Burial Ground Mortuary Complex in Diasporic Perspective. In Places of Cultural Memory: African Reflections on the American Landscape: Conference Proceedings, May 9–12, 2001, Atlanta, Georgia, pp. 147–150. National Park Service, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. National Park Service < https://home1.nps.gov/heritageinitiatives/pubs/AFR.pdf >. Accessed 22 August 2016.
- Piersen, Willliam D. 1988 Black Yankees. University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst.
- Romer, Robert H. 2009 Slavery in the Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts. Levellers Press, Florence, MA.
- Sayers, Daniel O. 2008 The Diasporic World of the Great Dismal Swamp, 1630–1865. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Anthropology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.
- Wergland, Glendyne R. 2001 Women, Men, Property, and Inheritance: Gendered Testamentary Customs in Western Massachsusetts, 1800–1860. Doctoral dissertation, Department of History, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.
- Whitfield, Harvey Amani 2014 The Problem of Slavery in Early Vermont, 1777–1810. Vermont Historical Society, Barre.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Future is Now: Archaeology and the Eradication of Anti-Blackness
Franklin, M., Dunnavant, J. P., Flewellen, A. O., & Odewale, A. (2020) · International Journal of Historical Archaeology · doi:10.1007/s10761-020-00577-1 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
African American Archaeology, for Now
Agbe-Davies, A. S. (2022) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-041320-022153 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
- Authors
- Paynter, R., & Baptiste, W. B.
- Corresponding author
- Paynter, Robert
- Venue
- Historical Archaeology
- Published
- 2019-06
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 323-340
- ISSN
- 0440-9213 (ISSN-L)
- 2328-1103
- OpenAlex
- W2955414026
- Cited by
- 5
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 2.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Historical Archaeology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Historical and Cultural Archaeology Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Race, History, and American Society
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Cultural Heritage Management and Preservation
- Keywords
- resistance, African American history, African American archaeology, regional context, childhood home, Western Massachusetts
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review