The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 82 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Material Dissonances in the Post-Conflict City: Re-Presencing Social Injustice in Belfast, Northern Ireland
Open accessAbstract
The city of Belfast in Northern Ireland has been made and remade through cycles of violence during its 400-year “history.” The most recent manifestation of violent conflict associated with the city was a low-level civil war euphemistically known as “the Troubles” (ca. 1968–ca. 1998). Alongside the enduring markers of bombings, civil unrest, and attempts to police and disrupt them, presences and absences can also be assigned to forced and facilitated movements of communities, the “planned violence” (O’Neill 2018) of road-building schemes, and what were designated at the time as “slum clearances.” But there have been attempts to disrupt—and reinsert—attempted erasures of conflict when associated with enduring social injustices. This article will examine a site associated with the bombing of McGurk's Bar in 1971 to reveal how the material memory of the past has been “re-presenced” to disrupt attempts to disappear sectarian violence as a form of activism in the contemporary.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This article uses the case of McGurk's Bar in Belfast—bombed in 1971 and later erased from the cityscape by demolition and motorway planning—to argue that activists and victims' families have "re-presenced" the site's material memory as an ongoing social-justice campaign. It contends that contemporary archaeological attention to material dissonance can expose how post-conflict placemaking contradicts official claims that the Troubles are settled history.
Key findings
- The no-warning UVF bombing of McGurk's Bar on 4 December 1971 killed 15 civilians, including 2 children, making it "the most significant loss of life associated with the early years of the Troubles"; the Troubles overall resulted in over 3,400 deaths.
- Official narratives obscured culpability: the Police Ombudsman's 2011 report found "investigative bias," concluded the investigation "was not proportionate to the magnitude of the incident," gave no "adequate consideration to involvement by loyalist paramilitaries," and failed "to correct a public perception ... that some victims of the bombing were involved in the atrocity," though it found "insufficient evidence" of deliberate collusion. The PSNI only accepted in 2022 that denying investigative bias was irrational.
- Memorialization at the site developed incrementally: a plaque in 1991 (20th anniversary), a Celtic cross in 2001 (30th), a three-dimensional trompe l'oeil mural recreating the bar's facade plus individual victim plaques and an explanatory poster in 2011 (40th), and the GPS-activated sound installation "Never the Same" in 2021 (50th).
- The re-presencing has been contested: the mural has suffered "paint bombing" attacks, including in 2015, and the author observed further paint splashes and graffiti ("come\in!\mother\fuckers") on the barman figure in December 2021. Nearby Fishers Court was renamed "McGurks Way" (Bealach Mhig Oirc) in 2012.
Methods
- Single case study of the McGurk's Bar site in North Belfast, framed by the author's argument that Belfast's 400-year history has been made and remade through cycles of violence, "planned violence" (O'Neill 2018), and slum clearance.
- A "surface-survey" approach combining desktop assessment (historical photography, activist outputs, historical and contemporary newspapers, historical Ordnance Survey maps) with auto-ethnography, walking methodologies, photography, and personal lived experience of Belfast.
- Two guiding principles: attention to the interplay between "material memory" (Olivier 2011) and the "absent present" (Buchli and Lucas 2001), and a focus on social-justice imperatives. The author also draws on a personal family history of displacement in East Belfast.
Limitations
- The paper states no formal limitations section. It acknowledges that the coverall terms "PUL" and "CNR" are "far from uncontested," having been criticized for underplaying intersections of class, gender, and race, and are used "for convenience."
- The author notes methodological constraints on walking in working-class post-conflict areas: she walked only in daytime, took few photographs and did so quickly and quietly, and was aware of being surveyed by residents—conditions that shape what could be observed.
- Evident from the text: the argument rests on a single case study and on auto-ethnographic, personally situated interpretation, with some memorial chronology (e.g., the reappearance of the statue of Mary) reconstructed from a single informant's recollection rather than documentation.
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Claims the paper makes
59 Own interpretation · 48 Sources not found · 29 No basis given · 25 No full text of the sources · 9 Own result · 8 Not checked yet · 1 Couldn’t confirm · accuracy not yet measured
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, many of these interfaces have become spaces where unofficial, grassroots memorials have been situated and allowed to flourish.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“The only eyewitness—an eight-year-old child—testified that he had witnessed a man emerge from a car and place the bomb in the entrance hallway before running away (Irish Independent 1972).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Irish Independent 1972
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The 1971 bombing of McGurk’s Bar was a no-warning Ulster Volunteer Force attack.
- Rests on an assumption: The bombing of McGurk’s Bar was an act of extreme violence that involved the indiscriminate targeting of civilians based on the assumption that the patrons would be from the local CNR community.
- Rests on an assumption: The bombing of McGurk’s Bar culminated in the deaths of 15 civilians, including 2 children, and was the most significant loss of life associated with the early years of the Troubles.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the police ombudsman’s report, the PSNI contested its findings in a 2014 HET report that claimed there was no evidence of bias on the part of police investigators.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The insinuation that the bar’s patrons were terrorists was frequently made in newspapers for years following––including Fleming and Edwin (1972)––”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Fleming and Edwin (1972)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Only in 2022 has the PSNI accepted that a denial of investigative bias was irrational and contrary to the weight of the evidence (Irish News 2022).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Irish News 2022
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“For the 50th anniversary, in December 2021, the families launched “Never the Same,” which, as Ciarán MacAirt (2022, pers. comm.) explains, “utilizes modern technology to produce a GPS-activated sound installation—people at the site can use an app and actually hear the families discuss the impact of the atrocity as the visitor moves around it.””
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ciarán MacAirt 2022, pers. comm.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In 2021, there were enduring presences from the original institutional landscape, most notably the grounds and buildings of Belfast Charitable Institution’s Clifton House, a poorhouse active since 1771. It is now presented as a heritage center as much as a charitable foundation (Clifton House 2020).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Clifton House 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“But where Belfast differs from other comparatives is in the enduring sectarian divisions—Protestant Unionist Loyalist (PUL) associated with British identity and Catholic Nationalist Republican (CNR) associated with Irish identityFootnote 1—that were built into and structured it as a “polarized city” (Boal 1994:31).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Boal 1994:31
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“it first became a historically recorded nucleated settlement within the Anglo-Norman earldom of Ulster in the 13th century (Macdonald 2012).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Macdonald 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cyclical violence and division were built into the city”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Indeed, only eight excavations from within the confines of the city had been fully published by 2011 (Ó Baoill 2011).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ó Baoill 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“only after 1999 were archaeological excavations routinely funded by developers due to the introduction of “Planning Policy Statement 6” (Planning Service 1999).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Planning Service 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“although the legacies of this “dirty war” (Dillon 1991) continue to intrude on and shape the ongoing peace process.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Dillon 1991
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“He notes that, while these changes to some degree mirror postindustrial depopulation norms in Europe in the 1970s and 1980s, Belfast is an extreme example due to the accelerant of civil conflict (Plöger 2007:15).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Plöger 2007:15
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Chichester funded the construction of a manor house that would act as the center point for this newly imagined Belfast (Horning 2013:252).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Horning 2013:252 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“In contrast to Derry—which officially dates to a documented 6th-century monastic settlement with substantial material remains that unambiguously contradict an official “founding” of the city of Londonderry in 1613 (Ó Baoill 2013)—the lack of time depth associated with Belfast is facilitated by a lack of prominent material remains.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ó Baoill 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Audrey Horning (2013) has argued that, at its inception as a plantation city, Belfast existed merely as an aspiration, and to make it a reality there was a need to create a material world that referenced the preexisting place even as it was being officially denied.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Horning 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“During the course of the Troubles there was systemic destruction of inner-city working-class communities under the guise of “regeneration,” resulting in their fractured relocation to out-of-town estates (O’Neill 2018).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites O’Neill 2018 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the state’s involvement in facilitating this narrative has been a major reason for ongoing demands by the families for new inquiries.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, they reinforce a relationship between segregation and deprivation through facilitating derelict and ruinous interface spaces alongside the walls.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All that remains of my family’s multigenerational history in East Belfast is materialized segregation, relandscaped enclaves, and largely unspoken partial memories.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“This discrepancy is one of the reasons that there were immediate––including Evening Echo (1971)––and longstanding (MacAirt 2020) claims of collusion between Loyalist paramilitaries and security forces so that the attack could take place without any assailants being seen, never mind apprehended, at the time.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Evening Echo (1971)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites MacAirt 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“over the decades have extended in many areas into extensive memorial landscapes (Fig. 2) that skew and flatten the complicated history of conflict by focusing on the victimhood of each walled-in micro-community (McAtackney 2020).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McAtackney 2020
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The contemporary city of Belfast has been radically altered by the actuality and threat of violent conflict associated with the Troubles.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to the Troubles, the city was changed in structural ways through planning policies that responded to the threat and realization of violence over an extended period by altering its layout and the ability of (some) people to move around the city.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“but reinforcing single-identity areas in social housing has become the norm to the extent the working classes of the “two communities” live almost completely separately.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Media sources created suspicion by circulating the statements and assumptions of the state, especially the security forces.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Primarily, planning has focused on controlling CNR communities living in social housing who, alongside working-class PUL communities, were often categorized as the “inheritors of sectarianism and bigotry” (O’Neill 2018:177).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites O’Neill 2018:177 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“but also incorporated the ruins of the preexisting medieval Clandeboye O’Neill castle (Horning 2013:52–53).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Horning 2013:52–53 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Northern Ireland, hybrids, dichotomies, and contradictions between the material world and official proclamations of power abound and run deep because they relate to ownership, belonging, and in/exclusion.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Historically, McGurk’s Bar was situated within a marginalized area where historically working-class CNR communities were permitted to reside on one of the earliest routes outside the original city walls (traditionally, Catholics were not permitted to live inside the walls [Horning 2013]).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Horning 2013 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It seemed extraordinary that such a story had never been told before, but the fragmentation of place—and memory—particularly for working-class communities, had that impact.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“According to Ciarán MacAirt, an activist and descendant of Kathleen Irvine, who was murdered in the attack, the first act of memorialization of McGurk’s took place in its immediate aftermath, when a statue of Mary was placed at the site by a local man the day after the explosion (Ciarán MacAirt 2021, pers. comm.).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ciarán MacAirt 2021, pers. comm.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Following Paul Shackel’s (2019) analysis of industrial landscapes of exploitation in northeastern Pennsylvania, one needs to recognize the structural violence of the landscape in which McGurk’s Bar existed: a marginalized working-class CNR community surrounded and surveyed by an imperial, militarized, and institutional landscape.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Shackel 2019 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The case study of McGurk’s Bar reveals how material memory of the past has not only been retained, but—in order to “live on” (Olivier 2011:9)—has been re-presenced, added to, and meaningfully reworked by those demanding justice.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Olivier 2011:9 source
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These micro-interactions with the mural indicate the heightened political nature of its dissonant presence since McGurk’s was monumentally re-presenced into the city.”
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This absent presence has allowed the McGurk’s campaigners to effectively disrupt official attempts at peace-process placemaking, which have focused on relandscaping and dropping public art into main thoroughfares (McAtackney 2018), by re-presencing it into place.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McAtackney 2018 source
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the bombing of the bar in 1971 being absented from the city for decades—first through the bombing and then through urban planning and road-building programs—it retained the potential to be re-presenced through the unaltered street plan.”
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“But, as a post-conflict city, the “material memory” (Olivier 2011:9) of community tragedies and erasures remain in overt and subtle forms, their very existence contradicting official claims of violence being relegated to the past.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Olivier 2011:9 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The re-presencing of the bar back into the cityscape—now with an accompanying soundscape—has been an intentional and ongoing act that aims to disrupt and materially contradict the official claims of the past as being settled.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is especially the case for those communities most impacted by violence that cannot ignore the enduring markers of conflict that make up their material world.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 95
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The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“David Coyles (2017:1054) has highlighted what he has called “the hidden barriers” planned into public housing redevelopments between 1978 and 1985 in the seemingly benign everyday architecture of cul-de-sac housing, dead-end roads, and landscaping.”
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites Coyles 2017:1054 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The passages available from our copy contain only section headings and reference links, not the paper’s discussion of housing redevelopment. Searches for “hidden barriers,” the 1978–1985 period, cul-de-sacs, dead-end roads, and landscaping returned no substantive passage, so the attribution cannot be checked against our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2006 the families of the McGurk’s bombing victims officially complained to the police ombudsman about the police handling of the bombing investigation.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was demolished, the area relandscaped, and a peace wall was erected that is still in place today.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The address was simply disappeared from the street plan, as was my grandmother’s childhood home in nearby Lowry Street, which was more prosaically planned out of existence.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first memorial was a plaque detailing the names of the dead (Fig. 3) that was moved to the site in 1991 on the 20th anniversary of the attack.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In July 2010 an initial final report was due to be published, but was withdrawn; a public apology was provided by the police ombudsman because of his acceptance of initial criticism by the families regarding his dealing with the case and factual errors contained within the report (Hutchinson 2011:foreword).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hutchinson 2011:foreword
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was placed directly opposite Victoria Barracks, a British army base that since 1798 had been strategically located on the main thoroughfare leading from the plantation city to the north and east.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He lived in his parents’ house until he married in 1938 and then moved with my grandmother to the largest working-class CNR community in Belfast, the Falls Road in West Belfast.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I noted how walls could act as barriers, but also mirrors, and that murals designed to highlight a perceived injustice could swiftly be replaced, fade away, or be maintained and added to over years and even decades.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By walking through sites with people who had lived experience of them, I found some of the most profound, and often unexpected, insights into the role, function, and impact of the material world in informing experiences.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and controversy around the bombing continues.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The bar was located on the corner of Great Georges Street and North Queen Street, in an area in which all the street names reference the British royal family.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The bar had been located opposite the barracks and run by the same family for at least one previous generation before the bombing took place; houses appear on that site on Ordnance Survey maps from 1900.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From 1971 to the early 1980s the area was in material flux. The demolitions associated with “regeneration” saw the erection of large, newly constructed social-housing blocks—the Seven Towers.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such fieldwork revealed the reality of Belfast as a fragmented city with layers of ephemeral and enduring materials that could appear and as quickly disappear, or, conversely, be part of the landscape that was added to over years.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After the bombing, McGurk’s and the adjoining building were demolished, and the site was left vacant until it became part of the foundations for the Westlink motorway overpass, which opened in 1983.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As early as 6 December, a report in the Irish Examiner noted a “mystery surrounding the death dealing explosion at McGurk’s Bar, North Queen Street, grew last night as forensic experts pinpointed the likely epicenter of the blast as inside the bar, not outside as earlier thought” (Irish Examiner 1971).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Irish Examiner 1971
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1971 bombing of McGurk’s Bar was a no-warning Ulster Volunteer Force attack.
- Rests on an assumption: The bombing of McGurk’s Bar was an act of extreme violence that involved the indiscriminate targeting of civilians based on the assumption that the patrons would be from the local CNR community.
- Rests on an assumption: The bombing of McGurk’s Bar culminated in the deaths of 15 civilians, including 2 children, and was the most significant loss of life associated with the early years of the Troubles.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The repetition of “mystery” extended over weeks and months, with reports attributed to forensic experts “confirming” the location of the bomb as being inside the pub.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1971 bombing of McGurk’s Bar was a no-warning Ulster Volunteer Force attack.
- Rests on an assumption: The bombing of McGurk’s Bar was an act of extreme violence that involved the indiscriminate targeting of civilians based on the assumption that the patrons would be from the local CNR community.
- Rests on an assumption: The bombing of McGurk’s Bar culminated in the deaths of 15 civilians, including 2 children, and was the most significant loss of life associated with the early years of the Troubles.
In the paper
“It also failed “to correct a public perception ... that some victims of the bombing were involved in the atrocity” (Hutchinson 2011:74).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hutchinson 2011:74
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A little-known Loyalist gang, calling themselves “Empire Loyalists,” claimed responsibility for the bombing within days of the attack (Irish Press 1971b), but this was largely ignored.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Irish Press 1971b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1971 bombing of McGurk’s Bar was a no-warning Ulster Volunteer Force attack.
- Rests on an assumption: The bombing of McGurk’s Bar was an act of extreme violence that involved the indiscriminate targeting of civilians based on the assumption that the patrons would be from the local CNR community.
- Rests on an assumption: The bombing of McGurk’s Bar culminated in the deaths of 15 civilians, including 2 children, and was the most significant loss of life associated with the early years of the Troubles.
- Not matched
In the paper
“After long deliberation as to the meaning of the word “collusion,” the ombudsman reported there was “insufficient evidence” to find the catalog of poor decisions and lack of actions was “a deliberate, conscious act” (Hutchinson 2011:76).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hutchinson 2011:76
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Media reports from the days and weeks that followed the bombing indicate shock and revulsion at the loss of life, but from an early stage there was an ambiguity threaded through the reports as to the possible culpability of the dead in their own demise.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1971 bombing of McGurk’s Bar was a no-warning Ulster Volunteer Force attack.
- Rests on an assumption: The bombing of McGurk’s Bar was an act of extreme violence that involved the indiscriminate targeting of civilians based on the assumption that the patrons would be from the local CNR community.
- Rests on an assumption: The bombing of McGurk’s Bar culminated in the deaths of 15 civilians, including 2 children, and was the most significant loss of life associated with the early years of the Troubles.
In the paper
“To reiterate the enduringly colonial nature of this cityscape, the Seven Towers were originally given “imperial sounding names,” such as “Churchill House,” which the residents lobbied the Northern Ireland Housing Executive to change. They were eventually replaced with traditional Irish names, 30 years after their construction in 1996 (Grogan 1996).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Grogan 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At some stage before the wedding, the house was broken into, petrol was poured on the stairs, and it was set alight (presumably by local Loyalist paramilitaries).”
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“my grandfather was born in 1912 and was raised at 36 Bryson Street, in a working-class CNR enclave in East Belfast surrounded by a larger PUL community.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The second memorial was an unobtrusive Celtic cross in the style of a traditional gravestone with surrounding ironwork (Fig. 4). It was placed at the top of Great Georges Street, against the foundations of the Westlink overpass, at the approximate location of McGurk’s for the 30th anniversary of the bombing in 2001.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A reformulated final report was published in February 2011, and it found “investigative bias” in how the security forces dealt with the bombing.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hutchinson 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“At the inquest in June 1972, the forensic expert indicated that they could not tell where the bomb was positioned; however, his statement was contradicted during the inquest by a police officer who stated that, due to the building collapsing in, he assumed it had been situated inside the building (Irish Independent 1972).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Irish Independent 1972
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1971 bombing of McGurk’s Bar was a no-warning Ulster Volunteer Force attack.
- Rests on an assumption: The bombing of McGurk’s Bar was an act of extreme violence that involved the indiscriminate targeting of civilians based on the assumption that the patrons would be from the local CNR community.
- Rests on an assumption: The bombing of McGurk’s Bar culminated in the deaths of 15 civilians, including 2 children, and was the most significant loss of life associated with the early years of the Troubles.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This final contention continues to be disputed by the families and their supporters (MacAirt 2020).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites MacAirt 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After 2005 this was through the newly formed Police Service of Northern Ireland’s (PSNI) Historical Enquiries Team (HET).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The ombudsman concluded their investigation “was not proportionate to the magnitude of the incident” and did not give “adequate consideration to involvement by loyalist paramilitaries” (Hutchinson 2011:60,63).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hutchinson 2011:60,63
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 2014 HET report was finally quashed in June 2022, after seven years of court cases taken by a descendant, Bridget Irvine, but the campaign for new inquests into the deaths is ongoing”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I found the city materialized the realities of conflict and peace, intertwining—often contradicting—in ways that did not reflect the static logic of official maps.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I constantly came across monumental presences that were not recorded or mapped, but obstructed roads, or noticed would-be barriers hidden down alleyways, receding into the background, waiting to be activated when required.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, they are often highly securitized in a way that communicates the ongoing nature of the conflict; many take the form of high walls covered with barbed wire and other militarized crossing deterrents.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These towers were the type of high-rise social housing that was common at the time, but, unlike most of their contemporaries, to the present day they remain occupied in this enduringly under-resourced community.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only one man, a Loyalist paramilitary called Robert Campbell, has been tried and imprisoned for his role in the bombing”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1971 bombing of McGurk’s Bar was a no-warning Ulster Volunteer Force attack.
- Rests on an assumption: The bombing of McGurk’s Bar was an act of extreme violence that involved the indiscriminate targeting of civilians based on the assumption that the patrons would be from the local CNR community.
- Rests on an assumption: The bombing of McGurk’s Bar culminated in the deaths of 15 civilians, including 2 children, and was the most significant loss of life associated with the early years of the Troubles.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It did not completely burn down, but my parents never moved into the house, and eventually it was subject to a Compulsory Purchase Order by Belfast City Council.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the 19th century, the barracks existed within a wider institutional landscape that also included the Belfast Poor House (the still in situ Clifton House) and an Eye and Skin Hospital that later became a Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC)Footnote 4 police station from 1933 to 2000.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The mural has been the victim of so-called paint bombing attacks since its creation, including in 2015 (BBC 2015), when blue paint was thrown over the “barman” and the Celtic cross.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites BBC 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Mass was followed by a procession to the bombing site by the attendees and culminated in the placement by family members of 15 wreaths to represent the dead.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Since the GFA there have been many attempts to challenge the structural violence of historical setting and erasures, including the successful campaign of residents of the nearby Fishers Court to be renamed Mc Gurks Way (in Irish, Bealach Mhig Oirc) in 2012 ( Fig. 10). Despite opposition from some Unionist politicians, this request was passed by Belfast City Council, and the renaming took place in”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites BBC 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On closer inspection it also includes three-dimensional additions that emphasize the outline of the bar, including wooden panels and window frames. Trompe l’oeil artistic techniques have been used to represent important details, including an open doorway with a barman standing in the hallway.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Most of the victims’ funerals took place in this church in the aftermath of the bombing.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This includes housing placed on the demolished site of the North Queen Street police station. This site lay vacant from 2000 to 2014, when it was originally closed and designated as a peace process “regeneration zone,” optimistically deemed unneeded in the wake of the GFA, but requiring over a decade before it became more than an empty space.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There has been removal of traditional community resources, including St. Kevin’s parish hall, which was demolished in 2016 after many decades serving the congregation of St. Patrick’s Pro-Cathedral. It has not been replaced yet, but currently acts as a “storage facility” (scrapyard) for contractors building many of the University of Ulster’s new campus buildings that are, not uncontroversially,”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites McConville 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“North Queen Street remains a main thoroughfare, but it is not a space that is easy to navigate by foot. To walk to the mural memorial from the city center involves long detours through traffic islands and multilane intersections to eventually reach the site. To continue past the mural memorial leads one to the New Lodge and then onto Duncairn Gardens, which marks the interface with the PUL working”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Standing at the mural over many years, I have noticed the footprint of the original institutions retained in the uneven street plan, with the dissonant presences of buildings from the 18th century and repurposed structures alongside long-term demolished spaces that have not yet become something else.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The author's personal observations and memories are reliable evidence for claims about the memorial landscape and its changes.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mural is unusual for Belfast in taking a three-dimensional form; it follows the contours of the overpass foundational pillars supporting the Westlink to recreate the facade of McGurk’s Bar as it appeared in 1971 (Fig. 5).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the 40th anniversary in 2011 the associated mural, which now dominates the site, was completed.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time that the mural memorial was completed, there was an installation of individual pictorial plaques, representing each victim, placed between the top of the mural and the lip of the Westlink, where the statue of Mary resides (Fig. 6). A poster with text explaining the events of December 1971, with links to the families’ fight for justice, was also added at that time (Fig. 7).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The grand institutions in renewed landscape settings continue to exist and dominate—Clifton House—alongside the uneven footprint of institutions that have been erased, but can still be partially traced—Victoria Army Barracks.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As identity politics is further heightened due to the divisions of the 2016 Brexit referendum—with the border again an issue and national identity publicly debated (Doyle and Connolly 2018)”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Doyle and Connolly 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The conflict was officially designated over with the signing of the Good Friday Agreement (GFA) in 1998 (United Nations Peacemaker 1998)”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites United Nations Peacemaker 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“but the only enduring material connections of contemporary Belfast with its 1613 official establishment are parts of its street plan (Horning 2013:255).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Horning 2013:255 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Audrey Horning (2013:255) has argued that “contemporary political concerns” shape understandings of Belfast as an essentially postmedieval settlement that ties into the enduring influence of Scottish Presbyterians”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Horning 2013:255 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Belfast developed against a backdrop of unequal access to power, place, and employment, with PUL communities promoted and favored over CNR communities.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Archaeological excavations in recent decades have revealed that people were living on the surrounding hills and close to the rivers that now constitute Belfast for 9,000 years (Ó Baoill 2011:11).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ó Baoill 2011:11
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The city of Belfast in Northern Ireland has been made and remade through cycles of violence during its 400-year “history.””
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Philip Macdonald (2012:91) has argued that the lack of attention paid to Belfast’s pre-1613 history dates to the 19th century and is a purposeful product of “Elizabethan colonial myth” fused with the Victorian obsession with modernity and progress”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Macdonald 2012:91
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“While Belfast was granted city status by royal charter in 1613—the date that most historians use as its foundation (Connolly 2012)”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Connolly 2012
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Ó Baoill (2011:11) has noted that the first licensed excavation in Belfast city took place under Nick Brannon in 1983”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ó Baoill 2011:11
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Violent sectarian conflict is not a finished and contained part of the past; it is an aspect of lived experience and evolving memory that is contested, politically loaded, and constantly being reformulated and reconfigured to meet various contradictory needs in the present.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this is precisely why archaeological approaches to understanding the past can play an important role.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“a low-level civil war that spanned a generation and resulted in the deaths of over 3,400 people (McKittrick et al. 2004).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites McKittrick et al. 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This article will argue that, by engaging with the materiality of official place-making and how it is countered on the city streets, relationships between the past and the present as they exist and shape everyday experience can be dissected.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An archaeological approach can focus on the changing material nature of McGurk’s, from the historic setting of the bar to the treatment of the site after the bombing and the memorialization processes to the present day.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It will argue that resistance to forced forgetting has been sparked by a sense of enduring social injustice and has resulted in McGurk’s materially being re-presenced back into the place it had been bombed, and then planned, out of existence.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 1971 bombing of McGurk’s Bar was a no-warning Ulster Volunteer Force attack.
- Rests on an assumption: The bombing of McGurk’s Bar was an act of extreme violence that involved the indiscriminate targeting of civilians based on the assumption that the patrons would be from the local CNR community.
- Rests on an assumption: The bombing of McGurk’s Bar culminated in the deaths of 15 civilians, including 2 children, and was the most significant loss of life associated with the early years of the Troubles.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of this relative archaeological neglect of Belfast is that it is a city whose deep past is largely unknown and there remains little archaeological attention paid to its material nature”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the past I have utilized experimental walking methodologies—with ex-prisoners at Long Kesh/Maze prison and then reformulated with survivors and victims of Magdalene Laundries (McAtackney 2014, 2020)—that were designed to allow for memory to be directed by material environments as site-responsive oral testimonies.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites McAtackney 2014, 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of monumental material evidence of historicity can allow it to be presented as a modern place apart—detached from senses of “pastness”—but the materiality of its street plan, enduring remnants of conflict, and the interplay between presence and absence reveal a different experience on the ground.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
Borderline substantial claim. It is unclear why the paper says it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Simultaneously, there has been an abandonment of mixed-identity housing estates with an overreliance on creating and maintaining single-identity areas (Doherty and Poole 1997).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Doherty and Poole 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“this research was determined by two overarching principles: first, to be conscious of the interplay between “material memory” (Olivier 2011) and the “absent present” (Buchli and Lucas 2001:12) in the contemporary cityscape and, second, to focus on the social-justice imperatives of the research.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Olivier 2011 source
- Not matchedcites Buchli and Lucas 2001:12
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“People move on, the communities to which they belonged are reconfigured along harder, sectarian lines, and communities indulge in “forgetful remembrance” (Beiner 2018) of best-forgotten pasts.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Beiner 2018 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Stephen O’Neill (2018) has written on the “planned violence” of the Belfast Urban Motorway, which was built from the 1960s to 1980s.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites O’Neill 2018 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast to the largely monolithic nature of the CNR Falls Road running parallel to the PUL Shankill Road in West Belfast, North Belfast can be best described as a mosaic of enclaves that coexist through a complex range of material and psychic interfaces.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“At the time of the bombing in 1971, Northern Ireland was experiencing the early, brutal years of an escalating civil conflict that had already resulted in the mass movement of people fleeing sectarian attack—with an estimated 60,000 people, 80% Catholic, fleeing their homes in the city between 1969 and 1976 (Coyles et al. 2018:2).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Coyles et al. 2018:2
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Bryonie Reid (2005:487) has written of what she calls “cartography’s spatial story” of Belfast being “constantly disrupted and contradicted by any physical exploration of the spaces to which they refer.””
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Reid 2005:487 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not checked yet
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Coyles (2017) argues that their ongoing and largely hidden nature mean they perpetuate the Troubles-era dynamics in the contemporary post-conflict city.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Coyles 2017 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not checked yet
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This had real consequences in terms of what people remembered and talked about, especially from the conflict.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Focusing on materials can allow the dissonance between official proclaimed states of being and the realities on the ground to be seen.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Using an auto-ethnographic starting point follows recent work in the social sciences in “acknowledging the researcher as an affectively and emotionally constituted subject” (Reeves 2018:103)”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Reeves 2018:103 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While my walking occurred many years after the height of the conflict, these places retain those resonances as well as the natural suspicion of outsiders.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“McGurk’s Bar was on a main thoroughfare and therefore was, in theory, vulnerable to attack. But it was also heavily surveyed in its militarized, institutional setting, so it should have expected some protection.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This ambitious road-building program was being refined from 1964 onward to connect major towns to Belfast and introduce a motorway ring road around the city center (Johnston 2014).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Johnston 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Geographer Bryonie Reid (2005) has argued that the PUL focus on “plantation” cities—such as Belfast and Derry—as their creations and strongholds relates to an anxiety of dislocation from rurality that was traditionally viewed as belonging to the CNR community as inheritors of pre-plantation Irish Ulster (Reid 2005:285).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Reid 2005:285 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not checked yet
In the paper
“There are few significant old structures that remain in the city, including no intact buildings dating before 1769 (Ó Baoill 2013).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ó Baoill 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To move beyond a documentary record of the bombing, investigation, and dissatisfaction of the survivors and families, material approaches have a potentially important contribution to understanding not only how this event materially persisted, but how McGurk's existed within a materially meaningful world that both predates the bombing and endures to the present.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“St. Patrick’s has a long-term connection with the local community, as it is the second-oldest Catholic church in Belfast, and it had an intimate connection with the bombing, as newspaper reports at the time indicated two of the victims—Phyllis and Marie McGurk—returned earlier than expected from the church that evening and subsequently died in the bombing (Strabane Chronicle 1971).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Strabane Chronicle 1971
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“More prosaically, the material integrity of the area was already under threat from urban planners in 1971. The area around the bar—especially the vibrant, socially diverse docklands area known as “Sailortown” (Campbell 2001)—had already been designated for so-called slum clearance as part of the Belfast Urban Motorway project.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Campbell 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This combining of the old and the new on the ground was an attempt to reinforce authority by incorporating the legitimacy of the past as a material entity, while it was being simultaneously denied through royal charter.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ciarán de Baróid (2000:188) has described the working-class CNR community of Ballymurphy as a place “stalked by terror” due to the impact of its marginal geographical location among the architecture of confinement, threat of surveillance, and memory of violent death.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites de Baróid 2000:188
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Coyles (2017) has argued that the design principles imbued in social-housing policy from that time, while following trends that were relatively prevalent elsewhere in the UK, took on a heightened character in Belfast.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Coyles 2017 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not checked yet
In the paper
“They have not only continued, but have grown into the peace process and remain largely absent from maps and official accounts of the city (McAtackney 2011).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McAtackney 2011 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such circumstances shape a sense of community.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Plöger (2007:14–17) has highlighted the underlying societal repercussions of violence, including forced mass population movement, net emigration, and suburbanization.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Plöger 2007:14–17
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“but all the time being aware that in a post-conflict city bodies are not neutral, and women’s experiences can be quite different from those of white male philosophers (Rose 1999).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rose 1999 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Their continuation into “peace” is not accidental, as the segregation of working-class communities, especially in areas with high-density social housing, has been viewed as a means of preventing a resurgence of violence.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It does, however, hint at why a statue of Mary has reappeared and been retained in the ongoing memorialization of the site. MacAirt has described how it has reappeared on a number of occasions as memorialization practices have evolved and formalized. He was not sure exactly when it reappeared at the current memorial, which was first erected in 2001, but he is certain it has perched on an upper lip”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ciarán MacAirt 2021, pers. comm.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In particular, he has shown how inner-city working-class communities were considered expendable as the Belfast Urban Motorway acted as part of a wider slum-clearance policy that facilitated greater car access for the middle classes to the CBD (O’Neill 2018:179–81).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites O’Neill 2018:179–81 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The army barracks was badly damaged by a Luftwaffe bombing on 15 April 1941 and was mainly derelict until the remaining buildings were almost demolished, to be replaced with a social-housing complex called the Seven Towers, erected between 1963 and 1968 (Emporis 2020).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Emporis 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Identity, belonging, and ownership in both rural and urban areas are about claiming something as “ours,” not “theirs,” and denying the entangled complexity on the ground (Reid 2005:486).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Reid 2005:486 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not checked yet
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The act of materially absenting McGurk’s Bar did not remain uncontested, but attempts to monumentally re-presence the bar back into its original location only began in earnest after conflict “ended” and the peace process officially began in 1998.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“After the signing of the GFA (United Nations Peacemaker 1998), a number of avenues were created to investigate so-called legacy cases, including the over 3,000 unsolved murders committed during the conflict.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites United Nations Peacemaker 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Official suspicion of working-class CNR communities meant that the loss of life at McGurk's was not only publicly questioned, but the families felt the authorities’ investigation was shaped and hampered by it (MacAirt 2020).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites MacAirt 2020
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I came to realize that the fragmentation of place was not simply material, but worked on the level of memory, especially when communities were ruptured, displaced, or traumatized.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Belfast Urban Area was the target of 70% of Troubles-era bombings [Bollens 1999]”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bollens 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Some of the barrack buildings date from 1737, and the site was extended again in the 1880s; it was at that stage one of the largest army bases in Ireland (Belfast History Project 2017).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Belfast History Project 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“While this type of road-building program was in keeping with many similar “regeneration” or “urban-renewal” schemes in this period, it actively displaced or isolated working-class communities from the city center (O’Neill 2018).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites O’Neill 2018 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I was aware that walking around working-class areas of Belfast was not a neutral or straightforward endeavor. Even in a post-conflict city, these are not easy places for newcomers or strangers to enter.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Essentially, the urban working classes were blamed for the cyclical violence that mostly afflicted their communities, and they were punished through ever more-oppressive housing arrangements instead of addressing structural and systemic failures”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This area was structured with British identifiers, and the population was surveyed suspiciously within an institutional landscape.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The enduring feelings of injustice are communicated alongside the new buildings and historic institutions, as the mural memorial demands recognition and justice in the most meaningful place possible, that of both violent and structural erasure.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Having navigated the traffic islands and busy road networks to this site, the dissonant materials, odd layouts, disjunctures, and contradictions that make up this space are hard to ignore.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“So effective is this technique that from a distance the rendering could be mistaken for an actual building and, in doing so, uncannily re-prescences the bar into the cityscape from which it was so violently removed in 1971.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The material elements most explicitly related to the recent conflict—the police station and the bombing site—were most effectively erased from the cityscape, but with little consideration of how they could linger, be retraced, and even re-presenced in the future.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Engaging with this site through both traditional and more creative sources and methods has revealed that there are many ways the complex mix of past and present in the contemporary city can be dissected.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Material dissonances are not always easy to decipher, but, taken together, their jarring nature reveals, even to the outsider, that conflict continues to shape much of the city.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The road front contains a range of social housing that has been built and landscaped to replace earlier institutions—many with details mimicking historical buildings—and on the footprint of earlier housing that was marked for clearance in the 1960s (O’Neill 2018).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites O’Neill 2018 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most poignantly, one site that was doubly erased—McGurk’s Bar—has been re-presenced through various stages associated with a social-justice campaign.”
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these elements clearly articulate that this act of re-presencing was not only conceived as an act of remembrance, but also as a call to action.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This made St. Patrick’s a meaningful location for a commemorative event—a vigil Mass—to begin, as it also emphasized the reason the pub was targeted: it was (rightly) presumed the occupants were Catholic.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The occupants of McGurk's Bar were rightly presumed to be Catholic, making the pub a sectarian target.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The entrance to a dark underpass is not a place where people naturally linger, but the physicality of the mural memorial is an affecting presence that maintains community focus on historic injustices and that passing cars cannot ignore.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This article discloses that best-forgotten memories have many touchstones and lived experience is still constituted by ongoing interactions with materially persistent pasts.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The unresolved nature of the Troubles is re-presenced through mnemonic devices deliberately erected in meaningful places, such as the McGurk’s Bar bombing mural memorial, and through more mundane means, such as peace walls, which still direct how the working-class city is traversed.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The peace dividend has not materialized for those who deserved it most.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Belfast was built, and consistently reaffirmed, as a place without history and a past because it suited the post-plantation status quo to do so.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The statue of Mary, trompe l’oeil features of the red facade of the bar, Celtic cross gravestone, and pictorial plaques of the victims reveal memorialization as an ongoing process and speak to its active and pressing nature.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The landscape speaks of a lack of care by the city of Belfast in protecting and enhancing this community for decades that continues to the present day.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This landscape jars; it has been intentionally landscaped to be inhospitable and uninviting, but it also communicates a complex history that remains entangled and constitutive of the present.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The vicinity of McGurk’s is an area in long-term transition and subject to multiple regeneration initiatives that have attempted to update the traditional institutional landscape in ways that maintain, but also attempt to elide, the structural violence of its past.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This mirrors Paul Shackel’s observation that “what ruins are saved and remains visible and what is removed from the landscape is, in the long run, highly political” (Shackel 2019:1).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Shackel 2019:1 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The thoroughfare is not an easy place to visit; it is car busy but people quiet, due to the imposition of major road networks through an enduringly close-knit community.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This mural memorial is unique and unlike any mural, of which there are many, in Belfast (McAtackney 2011).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McAtackney 2011 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Belfast is not unique in this regard; materializations of violence, which contest official claims of peace and stability, are to be found in many cities marked by enduring social injustices.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The “recy,” the Victoria Army Barrack’s recreation building, is used by the local community (Belfast History Project 2017).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Belfast History Project 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is a messy and disjointed landscape, the subject of institutional surveillance, violent attacks, and mundane planning initiatives, that has been continually disrupted with little consultation or care for how the longstanding communities experience and inhabit the place.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As the road acts as a form of interface, few would walk from one area to the next. All these factors mean the mural memorial site must be read primarily as a significant presence for two groups of people: the local community and those who drive past it while traversing the city.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The 1971 bombing of McGurk’s Bar was a no-warning Ulster Volunteer Force attack.
“which was a public house bombed in a no-warning Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)Footnote 2 attack in 1971.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The bombing of McGurk’s Bar was an act of extreme violence that involved the indiscriminate targeting of civilians based on the assumption that the patrons would be from the local CNR community.
“It is now known to be an act of extreme violence that involved the indiscriminate targeting of civilians based on the assumption—due to its location—that the patrons would be from the local CNR community.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The bombing of McGurk’s Bar culminated in the deaths of 15 civilians, including 2 children, and was the most significant loss of life associated with the early years of the Troubles.
“The bombing culminated in the deaths of 15 civilians, including 2 children, and was the most significant loss of life associated with the early years of the Troubles.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Troubles was a low-level civil war in Northern Ireland ca. 1968–ca. 1998.
“a low-level civil war euphemistically known as “the Troubles” (ca. 1968–ca. 1998).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The local legend that the statue of Mary belonged to McGurk's and was the only element of the bar left standing was apocryphal.
“Local legend contended that this statue actually belonged to McGurk’s and it was the only element of the bar left standing, but this was an apocryphal tale.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The author's personal observations and memories are reliable evidence for claims about the memorial landscape and its changes.
“I spent a significant part of my childhood in North Belfast.”
“Standing at the mural over many years, I have noticed the footprint of the original institutions retained in the uneven street plan”
The paper relies on this without support.
The occupants of McGurk's Bar were rightly presumed to be Catholic, making the pub a sectarian target.
“it also emphasized the reason the pub was targeted: it was (rightly) presumed the occupants were Catholic.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Introduction
“Geographer Bryonie Reid (2005) has argued that the PUL focus on “plantation” cities—such as Belfast and Derry—as their creations and strongholds relates to an anxiety of dislocation from rurality that was traditionally viewed as belonging to the CNR community as inheritors of pre-plantation Irish Ulster (Reid 2005:285).”
§ References
“Reid, Bryonie 2005 “A Profound Edge”: Performative Negotiations of Belfast. Cultural Geographies 12(4):485–506.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Introduction
“David Coyles (2017:1054) has highlighted what he has called “the hidden barriers” planned into public housing redevelopments”
§ References
“Coyles, David 2017 The Security-Threat-Community. City: Analysis of Urban Trends, Culture, Theory, Policy, Action 21(6):699–723.”
Citations
Cites
Archaeologies of the Contemporary Past
Buchli, V., & Lucas, G. (2002) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203185100 · Cited by 492
The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Contemporary World
Graves-Brown, P. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199602001.001.0001 · Cited by 254
The Past is a Foreign Country.
Woodward, C. V., & Löwenthal, D. (1987) · History and Theory · doi:10.2307/2505068 · Cited by 244
Surface assemblages. Towards an archaeology in and of the present
Harrison, R. (2011) · Archaeological Dialogues · doi:10.1017/s1380203811000195 · Cited by 163
Walking as an Aesthetic Practice and a Critical Tool: Some Psychogeographic Experiments
Bassett, K. (2004) · Journal of Geography in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/0309826042000286965 · Cited by 136
An Archaeology of the Troubles
McAtackney, L. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199673919.001.0001 · Cited by 96
Self-citationde Baróid, C. (2000) · Pluto Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctt18fs5h5 · Cited by 81
Forgetful Remembrance: Social Forgetting and Vernacular Historiography of a Rebellion in Ulster
Beiner, G. (2018) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198749356.001.0001 · Cited by 77
Urban peace-building in divided societies: Belfast and Johannesburg
(1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-6419 · Cited by 72
Ireland in the Virginian Sea: Colonialism in the British Atlantic
Horning, A. (2013) · doi:10.5149/9781469610733_horning · Cited by 31
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Boal, Frederick W. 1994 Encapsulation: Urban Dimensions of National Conflict. In Managing Divided Cities, Seamus Dunn, editor, pp. 30–41. Keele University Press, Keele, UK.
- Bollens, Scott A. 1999 Urban Peacebuilding in Divided Societies: Belfast and Johannesburg. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
- Campbell, John 2001 Once There Was a Community Here: A Sailortown Miscellany. Lagan Press, Belfast, UK.
- Fleming, A., and D. Edwin 1972 Letter: Southern “Slant.” Irish Press 21 March. Dublin, Ireland.
- Irish Press 1971a Confidence. Irish Press 21 December. Dublin, Ireland.
- Irish Press 971b‘Empire Loyalists’ Say: We Did It. Irish Press 6 December:1. Dublin, Ireland.
- Macdonald, Philip 2012 The Medieval Settlement. In Belfast 400: People, Place and History, S. J. Connolly, editor, pp. 91–122. Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, UK.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
PRESTON, N. (2025) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) · doi:10.26182/t1ce-fq17
Hartley, C. (2025) · Dublin City University Open Access Institutional Repository (Dublin City University)
Heritage and Conflict in Contemporary Belfast: Navigating Landscapes of Trauma
McDowell, S. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-61493-5_91-1
Moran, J. (2026) · State Crime Journal · doi:10.13169/statecrime.15.1.0001
Uneven Peace: Spatial Memory in Kennedy’s Trespasses and Magee’s Close to Home
Asiri, H. A. (2026) · International Journal of Literature Studies · doi:10.32996/ijts.2026.6.6.3
Metadata
- Authors
- McAtackney, L.
- Affiliations
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Corresponding author
- McAtackney, Laura
- ORCID
- McAtackney, Laura
- Venue
- Historical Archaeology
- Published
- 2024-06
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 389-408
- ISSN
- 0440-9213 (ISSN-L)
- 2328-1103
- OpenAlex
- W4399962656
- Cited by
- 3
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1
- FWCI
- 2.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Historical Archaeology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Aarhus Universitet
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Historical and Cultural Archaeology Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Irish and British Studies
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Memory, Trauma, and Commemoration
- Keywords
- post-conflict cities, social injustice, material memory, sectarian violence, Northern Ireland conflict, Belfast, slum clearance, community displacement, activism, urban archaeology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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