Does sorghum phenolic extract have antifungal effect?

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Natural products or their derivatives accounted for one quarter of antifungal substances used globally.

“Consequently, 25% of the substances used as antifungal agents worldwide were obtained from natural products or derivatives [3].”

• cites [3] Scorzoni L, Sangalli-Leite F, Singulani JL, Silva ACAP, Costa-Orlandi CB, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes-Giannini MJS (2016) Searching new antifungals: the use of in vitro and in vivo methods for evaluation of natural compounds. J Microbiol Methods 123:68–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2016.02.005 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (p. 2) says about a quarter of drugs used worldwide were discovered in natural products or their derivatives, but that figure refers to drugs generally, not antifungal agents. It separately says most antifungal drugs used today were discovered from natural sources; it does not give a 25% figure for antifungals. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Synthetic fungicides are non-biodegradable, expensive, toxic, and hazardous to the environment and to human and animal health.

“However, as they are non-biodegradable substances, these products, besides high costs, are toxic and pose risks to the environment and human and animal health [3].”

• cites [3] Scorzoni L, Sangalli-Leite F, Singulani JL, Silva ACAP, Costa-Orlandi CB, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes-Giannini MJS (2016) Searching new antifungals: the use of in vitro and in vivo methods for evaluation of natural compounds. J Microbiol Methods 123:68–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2016.02.005 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (p. 2) says antifungal therapy is frequently associated with elevated toxicity, which supports the toxicity concern in a clinical context. It does not establish that synthetic fungicides are non-biodegradable or expensive, or that they pose environmental or animal-health risks. (LLM, conf=0.79)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Funnell-Harris et al. (2014) found that Fusarium thapsinum was tolerant to sorghum phenolic compounds, but ferulic acid at 0.5 mM inhibited Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium proliferatum, and Macrophomina phaseolina.

“F. thapsinum was tolerant to these compounds.”

• Also stated in: § Discussion · plain

  “However, the authors observed inhibition of F. verticilioides, F. proliferatum, and M. phaseolina even at the lowest concentration of ferulic acid (0.5 mM).”

• cites [33] Funnell-Harris DL, Sattler SE, Pedersen JF (2014) Response of Fusarium thapsinum to sorghum brown midrib lines and to phenolic metabolites. Plant Dis 98:1300–1308 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Dzhavakhiya et al. (2012), Paul et al. (2011), and Da Silva Bomfim et al. (2015) suggested that combining natural compounds with other phenolic acids, essential oils, or conventional fungicides may improve their bioactivity and increase antifungal activity.

“Furthermore, Dzhavakhiya et al. (2012) [37], Paul et al. (2011) [38] and Da Silva Bomfim et al. (2015) [39] suggest that the combination of natural compounds with other phenolic acids, or with essential oils, or with conventional fungicides, may be a possible strategy to improve the bioactivity of these compounds, resulting in increased antifungal activity.”

• cites [37] Dzhavakhiya V, Shcherbakova L, Semina Y, Zhemchuzhina N, Campbell B (2012) Chemosensitization of plant Pathogenic fungi to agricultural fungicides. Front Microbiol 3:87 sourceSupported
• cites [38] Paul S, Dubey RC, Maheswari DK, Kang SC (2011) Trachyspermum ammi (L.) fruit essential oil influencing on membrane permeability and surface characteristics in inhibiting food-borne pathogens. Food Control 22:725–731 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [39] Da Silva Bomfim N, Nakassugi LP, Pinheiro Oliveira JF, Kohiyama CY, GaleraniMossini SA, BotiãoNerilo RGS, Mallmann CA, Abreu Filho BA, Machinski M (2015) Antifungal activity and inhibition of fumonisin production by Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil in Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.). Food Chem 166:330–336 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The antifungal activity of ferulic acid was demonstrated by Funnell-Harris et al. (2014).

“and its antifungal activity was demonstrated by Funnell-Harris et al. (2014) [33].”

• cites [33] Funnell-Harris DL, Sattler SE, Pedersen JF (2014) Response of Fusarium thapsinum to sorghum brown midrib lines and to phenolic metabolites. Plant Dis 98:1300–1308 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

In the conidial germination rate assay, Fusarium verticillioides CML 2743, Fusarium proliferatum CML 2825, Fusarium andiyazi CML 2703, and Aspergillus terreus BRM 32174 had higher germination percentages with sorghum phenolic extract than without it.

“In the presence of SPE, the species represented by F. verticillioides CML 2743 (B), F. proliferatum CML 2825 (C), F. andiyazi CML 2703 (D) and A. terreus BRM 32174 (G) showed higher percentages of germination when compared to samples without SPE.”

May combine two claims.

For synthetic antifungals, MIC values ranged from 0.50 to above 32 for amphotericin B, from 0.25 to above 128 for itraconazole, and from 8.0 to above 256 for fluconazole.

“For synthetic antifungals the MIC values of the samples varied between 0.50 and above 32 for amphotericin B, 0.25 and above 128 for itraconazole, 8.0 and above 256 for fluconazole (Table 4).”

May combine two claims.

In the growth curve assay, Fusarium verticillioides CML 2743 with sorghum phenolic extract maintained its CFU count over 24 h, whereas control counts rose from 15,000 to 450,000 CFU/mL.

“F. verticillioides CML 2743 in medium with SPE kept the CFU.mL -1 over 24 h, while the control increased from 15,000 to 450,000 CFU.mL -1 .”

The quote only partly states this claim.

Fusarium proliferatum CML 2825, Fusarium andiyazi CML 2793, Aspergillus sp. BRM 34978, and Penicillium pinophilum BRM 32157 showed growth curve behavior similar to Fusarium verticillioides CML 2743 in the presence of sorghum phenolic extract.

“F. proliferatum CML 2825, F. andiyazi CML 2793, Aspergillus sp.BRM 34978 and P. pinophilum BRM 32157 had similar behavior.”

May combine two claims.

Fusarium verticillioides showed greater growth than the control in the preliminary assay, and some species showed higher germination rates in the presence than in the absence of sorghum phenolic extract in the conidia germination assay.

“This result also corroborates those obtained in the present work, in which F. verticillioides showed greater growth than the control, in the preliminary assay and in the conidia germination assay, in which some species showed higher germination rates in the presence than in the absence of SPE.”

May combine two claims.

The SC319 sorghum phenolic extract did not inhibit the growth of the 16 fungal species tested in the minimum inhibitory concentration assay, nor the conidia germination rate of the 14 species tested.

“Likewise, the SC 319 SPE did not inhibit the growth of the 16 fungal species analyzed in the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) (assay 2) and the conidia germination rate (CGR) (assay 3) of those14 fungus species tested (from nº 1 to 14, Table 1).”

May combine two claims.

During the first 8 h of the growth curve assay, CFU counts decreased both with and without sorghum phenolic extract, and the control increased much more between 8 and 24 h.

“In the first 8 h, there was a reduction in the CFU.mL -1 , both in the absence and in the presence of SPE, and a much higher increase in the control samples between 8 and 24 h”

May combine two claims.

Solvents 1 to 9 gave similar extraction results and extracted phenolic compounds more efficiently than the other solvents.

“However, solvents 1 to 9 showed similar results and had better extraction efficiency of phenolic compounds than the others.”

May combine two claims.

For Aspergillus terreus BRM 32174, Penicillium sp. BRM 35045, and Fusarium verticillioides BRM 35317, CFU with sorghum phenolic extract was greater than control after 8 h, but after 24 h the control showed higher growth.

“In the case of A. terreus BRM 32174, Penicillium sp.BRM 35045, and F. verticillioides BRM 35317, after eight h of growth, the CFU in the samples with SPE was more significant than in control.However, after 24 h, the growth curves were inverted, with the control samples showing much higher growth than those with SPE.”

May combine two claims.

The sorghum phenolic extract from the SC319 genotype did not reduce the rate of mycelial growth (measured as colony diameter and dry weight) or the number of spores of Fusarium verticillioides CML 2743 in solid and liquid growth media (assay 1).

“There was no reduction in the mycelial growth rate (colony diameter and dry weight), as well as in the number of spores of Fusarium verticillioides (CML 2743) when applied phenolic sorghum extract (SPE) in the solid and liquid growth media (assay 1).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Chemical pesticide use for managing plant pathogens has grown over recent decades.

“The use of chemical pesticides to control plant pathogens has intensified in the last decades [1].”

• cites [1] Campos EV, Proença PL, Oliveira JL, Bakshi M, Abhilash PC, Fraceto LF (2019) Use of botanical insecticides for sustainable agriculture: future perspectives. Ecol Ind 105:483–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.04.038 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Pomegranate peel extract altered Penicillium digitatum hyphae, making them appear wilted and coiled.

“Kharchoufi et al. (2018) [11] studied the antifungal effect of pomegranate peel extract and verified, by optic microscopy, significant changes in the shape of Penicillium digitatum hyphae, which appeared wilted and coiled.”

• cites [11] Kharchoufi S, Licciardello F, Siracusa L, Muratore G, Hamdi M, Restuccia C (2018) Antimicrobial and antioxidant features of “Gabsi” pomegranate peel extracts. Ind Crops Prod 111:345–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.10.037 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Sorghum grain phenolic content varies by genotype and can include phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and tannins concentrated in the pericarp.

“Depending on the genotype, its grains can be a rich source of various phenolic compounds, such as phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and tannins, which are concentrated in the pericarp [15].”

• cites [15] Moraes EA, Marinelli RS, Lenquiste SA, Steel CJ, Menezes CB, Queiroz VAV, MarósticaJúnior MR (2015) Sorghum flour fractions: correlations among polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and glycemic index. Food Chem 180:116–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.023 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The 20% ethanol at room temperature method extracted phenolic compounds with a capacity similar to the conventional methanol method and with lower chemical residues and costs.

“Therefore, the solvent 20% ethanol at room temperature was selected and used in the present work due to generating lower chemical residues and lower costs than the conventional method (1% methanol HCl RT) and similar extraction capacity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The inhibitory effect of phenolic compounds on spore germination, mycelial growth, and microbial enzyme production varies among different phenol groups.

“Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of phenolic compounds in spore germination, mycelial growth, and the production/ activity of microbial enzymes vary among the different groups of phenols [7].”

• cites [7] Nicholson RL, Hammerschmidt R (1992) Phenolic compounds and their role in disease resistance. Annu Rev Phytopathol 30:369–389 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Fusarium verticillioides may be more resistant to sorghum phenolic extract than Fusarium poae and Fusarium solani.

“In the present work, it was investigated the effect of SC 319 sorghum phenolic extract on F. verticillioides, which may be a more resistant species than F. poae and F. solani.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

The growth curve assay was performed in triplicate.

“The experiment was performed in triplicate.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The MIC broth microdilution method was performed according to the CLSI M60 document.

“Fungi susceptibility test to SPE: the broth microdilution method was used according to the M60 document proposed by CLSI [23].”

• cites [23] Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2017) Performance standards for antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts, 1st edn. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. CLSI supplement M60Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Sorghum phenolic extracts showed antioxidant and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Bacillus subtilis.

“Kil et al. (2009) [16] reported sorghum phenolic extracts' antioxidant and antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Bacillus subtilis.”

• cites [16] Kil HY, Seong ES, Ghimire BK, Chung I, Kwon SS, Goh EJ, Heo KH, Kim MJ, Lim JD, Lee D, Yu CY (2009) Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of crude sorghum extract. Food Chem 115(4):1234–1239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.01.032 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Phenolic compounds have antioxidant, antiviral, antitumor, and antibacterial effects.

“Among these, phenolic compounds, secondary metabolites present in plants, have a range of biological effects, including antioxidant, antiviral, antitumor, and antibacterial effects [5,6].”

• cites [5] Haminiuk WIC, Maciel GM, Plata-Oviedo MSV, Peralta RM (2012) Phenolic compounds in fruits: an overviewm. Int J Food Sci Technol 47(10):2023–2044. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2012.03067.x sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [6] Serrano J, Puupponen-Pimiã R, Dauer A, Aura AM, Saura-Calixto F (2009) Tanins: current knowledge of food sources, intake, bioavailability and biological effects. Mol Nutr Food Res 53:310–329. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200900039 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The finding that none of the sorghum cultivars showed antifungal activity corroborates the present work's findings.

“This result corroborates the findings of the present work.”

May combine two claims.

Schöneberg et al. (2018) found that increasing concentrations of ferulic acid substantially inhibited the growth of Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium langsethiae, and Fusarium poae, while p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, quercetin, and rutin slightly stimulated mycelium growth.

“Recently, Schöneberg et al., (2018) [34] also observed that the increasing concentrations of ferulic acid substantially inhibited the growth of Fusarium graminearum (FG), F. langsethiae (FL) and F. poae (FP).In contrast, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, quercetin, and rutin slightly stimulated mycelium growth.”

• cites [34] Schöneberg T, Kibler K, Sulyok M, Musa T, Bucheli DT, Mascher F, Bertossa M, Voegele RT, Vogelgsang S (2018) Can plant phenolic compounds reduce Fusarium growth and mycotoxin production in cereals? Food Addit Contam Part A 35(12):2455–2470. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2018.1538570 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tannins have antimicrobial properties against many microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts, and molds.

“Tannins, for example, have wellknown antimicrobial properties for many microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts, and molds [8,9].”

• cites [8] Aguilera-Carbo C, Augur LA, Prado-Barragan E, Favela-Torres CN (2008) Aguilar microbial production of ellagic acid and biodegradation of ellagitannins. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 78:189–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-007-1276-2 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [9] Akhtar S, Ismail T, Fraternale D, Sestili P (2015) Pomegranate peel and peel extracts: chemistry and food features. Food Chem 174:417–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.035 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The conidial germination rate assay was performed in triplicate.

“the experiment was performed in triplicate.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

A reduction in colony-forming units may reduce the initial inoculum, which may in turn affect the onset and severity of diseases caused by these pathogens.

“This result is relevant because the reduction in CFUs may reduce the amount of initial inoculum, which may reflect the onset of infection and the severity of diseases caused by these pathogens.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Each of the four MIC treatments was tested in duplicate.

“The experiment was performed in duplicate, for each of the four treatments (FLU, ITRA, AFNB, SPE)”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Assay 1 was set up with random assignment, six replicates, and three treatments.

“The experimental design used was completely randomized, with six replications and three treatments.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A methanol extract from pomegranate peel significantly inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth of Fusarium sambucinum.

“Elsherbiny et al. (2016) [10] observed that the methanol extract of pomegranate peel has a significant antifungal effect on the spore germination and mycelial growth of Fusarium sambucinum.”

• cites [10] Elsherbiny EA, Amin BH, Baka ZA (2016) Efficiency of pomegranate (Punicagranatum L.) peels extract as a high potential natural tool towards Fusarium dry rot on potato tubers. Postharvest Biol Technol 111:256–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2015.09.019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Gordana et al. (2007) reported that antimicrobial activity in plant extracts depends on several secondary metabolites.

“According to Gordana et al. (2007) [35], the antimicrobial activity in plant extracts depends on several secondary metabolites.”

• cites [35] Gordana SC, Jasna MC, Sonja MD, Tumbas VT, Markov SL, Dragoljub DC (2007) Antioxidant potential, lipid peroxidation inhibition and antimicrobial activities of Satureja montana L. Subsp. kitaibelii extracts. Int J Mol Sci 8(10):1013–1027 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Gauthier et al. (2016) reported that phenolic compounds from natural sources have valuable antifungal properties, but their effectiveness is often strain- and molecule-dependent.

“Gauthier et al. (2016) [36] report that phenolic compounds isolated from natural sources have valuable antifungal properties, but their effectiveness as an antifungal agent is often strain and molecule dependent.”

• cites [36] Gauthier L, Bonnin-Verdal MN, Marchegay G, Pinson-Gadais L, Ducos C, Richard-Forget F, Atanasova-Pénichon V (2016) Fungal biotransformation of chlorogenic and caffeic acids by Fusarium graminearum: new insights in the contribution of phenolic acids to resistance to deoxynivalenol accumulation in cereal. Int J Food Microbiol 221:61–68 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Paul et al. (2011) and Da Silva Bomfim et al. (2015) reported that essential oils combined with phenolic compounds can improve their bioavailability by increasing the permeability of phenolic compounds in mitochondria and the fungal plasma membrane.

“According to Paul et al. (2011) [38] and Da Silva Bomfim et al. (2015) [39] essential oils combined with phenolic compounds can improve their bioavailability, increasing the permeability of phenolic compounds in mitochondria and the fungal plasma membrane.”

• cites [38] Paul S, Dubey RC, Maheswari DK, Kang SC (2011) Trachyspermum ammi (L.) fruit essential oil influencing on membrane permeability and surface characteristics in inhibiting food-borne pathogens. Food Control 22:725–731 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [39] Da Silva Bomfim N, Nakassugi LP, Pinheiro Oliveira JF, Kohiyama CY, GaleraniMossini SA, BotiãoNerilo RGS, Mallmann CA, Abreu Filho BA, Machinski M (2015) Antifungal activity and inhibition of fumonisin production by Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil in Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.). Food Chem 166:330–336 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The SC319 genotype may have a low content of ferulic acid.

“this genotype may have a low content of ferulic acid”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Awika & Rooney (2004) suggested that the antimicrobial activity of sorghum may be due to tannins and other phenols acting synergistically.

“Awika & Rooney (2004) [12] suggest that the antimicrobial activity of sorghum may be due to the presence of tannins and other phenols that may synergistically contribute to its antimicrobial power.”

• cites [12] Awika JM, Rooney LW (2004) Sorghum phytochemical and their potential impact on human health. Phytochemistry 65:1199–1221 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source