Ecological indicators of water quality and marshland impact area (MARia) index of Ligawasan Marsh: a critically important wetland in the Southern Mindanao, Philippines
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Abstract
Wetland ecosystems are vital for both biodiversity and communities that depend on them. The Ligawasan Marsh in the southern part of the Philippines is one of the most threatened wetlands in the country. Apart from increasing anthropogenic development, wetlands have faced warfare-driven threats that have hindered research and conservation efforts in the area for many decades. Our study is the first to investigate the patterns of physicochemical parameters, patterns of land use cover, and the relationship between land use change and marshland environmental status. We also developed the Marshland Impact Area (MARia) index to assess the potential impact contributions of the surrounding towns. We found a strong negative correlation between dissolved oxygen (DO) and indicators of pollution such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and heavy metals. Interestingly, we observed elevated levels of phosphate and mercury at all sampling sites in the Ligawasan Marsh. Our landscape-level modelling showed that these elevated levels are associated with expanding croplands and urbanisation surrounding the marsh. We found that the potential impact contribution of cropland and urbanisation from surrounding towns of the Ligawasan Marsh varied significantly, suggesting the importance of implementing local policies to reduce land use change impacts. With the current yet remaims limited knowledge and beyond safe pollution levels in the Ligawasan Marsh, it is crucial to implement collaborative and science-based governance to integrate conservation initiatives with the priorities of global targets, such as the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, for a comprehensive and sustainable approach to Ligawasan Marsh conservation.
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- Authors
- Tanalgo, K. C., Manampan-Rubio, M., Alvaro-Ele, R. J., Hilario-Husain, B. A., Murray, S. A., Delos Reyes, J. L., Pangato, N. M., Magkidong, N. S., Angcaco, K. L. D., Catulos, A. J., Dimacaling, A. D., Ruiz, J. O., Abdulkasan, R. M. A., Murray-Buday, M., Lidasan, A. K., Dela Cruz, K. C., Respicio, J. M. V., Abdullah, S. S., & Agduma, A. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern Mindanao (PH)
- Corresponding author
- Tanalgo, Krizler Cejuela
- ORCID
- Venue
- Discover Environment
- Published
- 2024-10-05
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 2731-9431 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4403150824
- Cited by
- 3
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3
- FWCI
- 0.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Discover Environment (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Ministry of Science and Technology of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Quality and Pollution Assessment
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Ocean Engineering › Wetland Management and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Aquatic Ecosystems and Biodiversity
- Keywords
- wetland water quality, land use change, cropland expansion, urbanization, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, heavy metals, mercury, phosphate, physicochemical parameters, landscape modeling, wetland conservation, Southern Mindanao
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