A new fast high dimensional and memristive hyperchaotic multiple image encryption method and its FPGA implementation
Open accessAbstract
This article presents a high-throughput image encryption algorithm implemented on an Artix-7 FPGA, which offers parallel processing, low latency, and real-time performance with a throughput of 0.8 Gbps, making it ideal for secure applications such as satellite imaging, surveillance, and medical diagnostics. The proposed method employs three chaotic systems: a 10D hyperchaotic system, an 8D hyperchaotic system, and a memristive coupled neural network (MCNN), to achieve a multi-layered encryption process that enhances confusion, diffusion, and key space complexity. The total key space of the algorithm is approximately $$2^{3454}$$ , providing an extremely large search space that ensures robust protection against brute-force attacks. Performance results demonstrate excellent security properties, including high entropy values ( $$\approx 7.999$$ ), low pixel correlation coefficients (average $$\le 0.003$$ ), and resistance to differential attacks. The FPGA-based implementation significantly outperforms software-only solutions in both speed and efficiency, validating its suitability for real-time, high-security image encryption scenarios.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The scheme is suitable for SIMD/GPU acceleration and FPGA implementations in bandwidth-constrained remote-sensing pipelines.
“making the scheme suitable for SIMD/GPU acceleration and FPGA implementations in bandwidth-constrained remote-sensing pipelines22,31,32.”
From Hyperchaotic fractional-order image encryption with Knight’s tour scrambling for satellite imagery (2026) · cites this paper as [22]
Section 4.3 reports that the scheme was implemented on an Artix-7 FPGA, and the Conclusions identify satellite imaging as a suitable application. Our copy does not establish SIMD/GPU acceleration or suitability specifically for bandwidth-constrained remote-sensing pipelines; the reported parallel processing and FPGA throughput do not demonstrate those additional claims. No page numbers were provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
SOME BASIC CRYPTOGRAPHIC REQUIREMENTS FOR CHAOS-BASED CRYPTOSYSTEMS
ALVAREZ, G., & LI, S. (2006) · International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos · doi:10.1142/s0218127406015970 · Cited by 2,119 · see citing works
TestU01: A C library for empirical testing of random number generators
L'Ecuyer, P., & Simard, R. (2007) · ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software · doi:10.1145/1268776.1268777 · Cited by 1,014 · see citing works
Local Shannon entropy measure with statistical tests for image randomness
Wu, Y., Zhou, Y., Saveriades, G., Agaian, S., Noonan, J. P., & Natarajan, P. (2013) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2012.07.049 · Cited by 722 · see citing works
Brain-Like Initial-Boosted Hyperchaos and Application in Biomedical Image Encryption
Lin, H., Wang, C., Cui, L., Sun, Y., Xu, C., & Yu, F. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2022.3155599 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Memristive Rulkov Neuron Model With Magnetic Induction Effects
Li, K., Bao, H., Li, H., Ma, J., Hua, Z., & Bao, B. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2021.3086819 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Gao, S., Ho-Ching Iu, H., Erkan, U., Simsek, C., Toktas, A., Cao, Y., Wu, R., Mou, J., Li, Q., & Wang, C. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology · doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2025.3545868 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
A novel chaotic image encryption technique based on multiple discrete dynamical maps
Khan, M., & Masood, F. (2019) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-019-07818-4 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
A New Algorithm for Digital Image Encryption Based on Chaos Theory
Pourasad, Y., Ranjbarzadeh, R., & Mardani, A. (2021) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e23030341 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Image encryption based on a combination of multiple chaotic maps
Elkandoz, M. T., & Alexan, W. (2022) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-022-12595-8 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citationYounas, I., & Khan, M. (2018) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e20120913 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
FPGA implementation of a chaos-based image encryption algorithm
Maazouz, M., Toubal, A., Bengherbia, B., Houhou, O., & Batel, N. (2022) · Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jksuci.2021.12.022 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
A new multiple image encryption algorithm using hyperchaotic systems, SVD, and modified RC5
Alexan, W., Youssef, M., Hussein, H. H., Ahmed, K. K., Hosny, K. M., Fathy, A., & Mansour, M. B. M. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-92065-x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationSecure Communication of Military Reconnaissance Images Over UAV-Assisted Relay Networks
Alexan, W., Aly, L., Korayem, Y., Gabr, M., El-Damak, D. R., Fathy, A., & Mansour, H. A. A. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3407838 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationA new fast multiple color image encryption algorithm
Alexan, W., Hosny, K., & Gabr, M. (2025) · Cluster Computing · doi:10.1007/s10586-024-04919-0 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationGabr, M., Korayem, Y., Chen, Y.-L., Yee, P. L., Ku, C. S., & Alexan, W. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3326848 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationEverything You Wish to Know About Memristors but Are Afraid to Ask
Chua, L. O. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-76375-0_3 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Fibonacci Q-Matrix, Hyperchaos, and Galois Field (2⁸) for Augmented Medical Image Encryption
El-Damak, D., Alexan, W., Mamdouh, E., El-Aasser, M., Fathy, A., & Gabr, M. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3433499 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationYoussef, M., Gabr, M., Alexan, W., Mansour, M. B. M., Kamal, K., Hosny, H., & El-Damak, D. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3454512 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationImage Encryption via Base-<i>n</i> PRNGs and Parallel Base-<i>n</i> S-Boxes
Gabr, M., Elias, R., Hosny, K. M., Papakostas, G. A., & Alexan, W. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3301460 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationMemristive Imitation of Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity
Mannan, Z. I., Adhikari, S. P., Yang, C., Budhathoki, R. K., Kim, H., & Chua, L. O. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems · doi:10.1109/tnnls.2019.2892385 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Multiobjective Design of 2D Hyperchaotic System Using Leader Pareto Grey Wolf Optimizer
Toktaş, A., Erkan, U., Üstün, D., & Lai, Q. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems · doi:10.1109/tsmc.2024.3401412 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Erkan, U., Toktaş, A., Memiş, S., Toktas, F., Lai, Q., Wen, H., & Gao, S. (2024) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3432494 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Alexan, W., Elabyad, N., Khaled, M., Osama, R., El-Damak, D., Abd El Ghany, M. A., Korayem, Y., Mamdouh, E., & Gabr, M. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3446733 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Encryption Application and FPGA Realization of a Fractional Memristive Chaotic System
Mohamed, S. M., Sayed, W. S., Madian, A. H., Radwan, A. G., & Said, L. A. (2023) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics12051219 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Şimşek, C., Erkan, U., Toktaş, A., Lai, Q., & Gao, S. (2025) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-025-11001-w · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Zourmba, K., Effa, J. Y., Fischer, C., et al. (2024) · Mathematics and Computers in Simulation · doi:10.1016/j.matcom.2024.07.035 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
An image encryption algorithm using the combination of chaotic maps
Arab, A. A., Rostami, M. J., & Ghavami, B. (2022) · Optik · doi:10.1016/j.ijleo.2022.169122 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
A MapReduce Based Approach for Secure Batch Satellite Image Encryption
Al‐Khasawneh, M. A., Faheem, M., aldhahri, E. A., et al. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3279719 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Alexan, W., Mamdouh, E., Aboshousha, A., Alsahafi, Y. S., Gabr, M., & Hosny, K. M. (2024) · IET Image Processing · doi:10.1049/ipr2.13242 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationNew method of colour image encryption using triple chaotic maps
Hosny, K. M., Elnabawy, Y. M., Elshewey, A. M., Alhammad, S. M., Khafaga, D. S., & Salama, R. A. (2024) · IET Image Processing · doi:10.1049/ipr2.13171 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Benkouider, K., Bouden, T., Sambas, A., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0266053 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Image encryption with a Josephson junction model embedded in FPGA
Ramakrishnan, B., Kamdeu, P. Y. N., Natiq, H., Pone, J. R. M., Karthikeyan, A., Kingni, S. T., & Tiedeu, A. (2022) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-022-12400-6 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Benkouider, K., Bouden, T., Yalcin, M. E., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Modelling Identification and Control · doi:10.1504/ijmic.2020.114191 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
A Hardware-Accelerated Approach to Chaotic Image Encryption: LTB Map and FPGA Implementation
Yamni, M., Daoui, A., Pławiak, P., et al. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3432008 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Kocak, O., Erkan, U., & Babaoğlu, İ. (2025) · Integration · doi:10.1016/j.vlsi.2025.102399 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Iatropoulos, A., Moysis, L., Giakoumis, A., et al. (2021) · International Conference on Modern Circuits and Systems Technologies · doi:10.1109/mocast52088.2021.9493422 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
8D Hyperchaotic System and Gold Sequences for Improved Medical Image Cube Encryption
Mamdouh, E., Gabr, M., Megalli, Y., et al. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Applications and Systems (IPAS) · doi:10.1109/ipas63548.2025.10924538 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationFPGA Realization of an Image Encryption System Using a 16-CPSK Modulation Technique
Nuñez-Pérez, J.-C., Estudillo-Valdez, M. A., Sandoval‐Ibarra, Y., et al. (2024) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics13224337 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
An efficient image encryption algorithm based on a time-delay predator–prey model
Wang, J., Wang, H., Chen, J., Jiang, W., Peng, R., & Kim, J. (2025) · Applied Physics B · doi:10.1007/s00340-025-08412-3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
FPGA Realization of a Security System for Internet of Multimedia Things
Osama, R., Mamdouh, E., Alexan, W., et al. (2024) · doi:10.1109/icm63406.2024.10815713 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- El-Damak D, Alexan W, Mamdouh E, El-Aasser M, Fathy A, Gabr M. Fibonacci q-matrix, hyperchaos, and galois field (28) for augmented medical image encryption. IEEE Access. 2024;12:102718–10277. · DOI · Paper page
- Alexan W, Elabyad N, Khaled M, Osama R, El-Damak D, Abd El Ghany MA, et al. Triple layer rgb image encryption algorithm utilizing three hyperchaotic systems and its fpga implementation. IEEE Access. 2024;12:118339–61. · DOI · Paper page
- Hafsa A, Gafsi M, Malek J, Machhout M. Fpga implementation of improved security approach for medical image encryption and decryption. Sci Program. 2021;2021(1):6610655.
- Lin H, Wang C, Hong Q, Sun Y. A multi-stable memristor and its application in a neural network. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst II Express Briefs. 2020;67(12):3472–6.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
3D Non-Degenerate Hyperchaos: Design, Analysis, and Application in Image Encryption
Lin, Y., Liao, Y., Zeng, W., Wei, Y., Chen, D., Yuan, X., Li, Y., Erkan, U., Toktaş, A., Zhang, C., et al. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics · doi:10.1109/tce.2026.3672135 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
A novel heterogeneous coupled neuron model and its application in medical image encryption
Qu, S., Qianqian, S. H. I., & 安新磊 (2026) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-026-12263-8 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
He, Z., Rauf, A., Nazir, A., Tchier, F., Aslam, A., & Tola, K. A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-23592-w · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Yu, Z., Zhu, K., Song, X., & Yang, F. (2026) · Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2026.114371 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Gabr, M., Mamdouh, E., El-Damak, D. R., El-Aasser, M., Alexan, W., & Aboshousha, A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-29296-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationSüzgen, E. E., Şahin, M. E., & Ulutaş, H. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-36824-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Harnessing Complex-Valued Chaos in Discrete-Time Hopfield Neural Network for Secure Image Encryption
Deng, Q., Wang, C., Sun, Y., et al. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology · doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2026.3675782 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Bit-level image encryption algorithm based on chaotic systems and DNA encoding
Liu, T., Cheng, D., & Song, A. (2025) · Electronic Research Archive · doi:10.3934/era.2025317 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Chaotic image encryption method based on STP-XOR-DAS
Wu, Y., Zhou, R., Li, R., Ding, Y., & Liu, Q. (2026) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-025-12110-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A multi-image encryption scheme for gray-color images based on 2D chaotic map and dual S-boxes
Duan, Y., Xu, X., Banerjee, S., Cao, Y., & Mou, J. (2026) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-025-12116-w · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Zhu, S., Zeng, W., Zhu, C., & Lin, Y. (2026) · Results in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2026.110766 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hyperchaotic fractional-order image encryption with Knight’s tour scrambling for satellite imagery
Mamdouh, E., Aboshousha, A., & Alexan, W. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-58982-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationKoulouh, F., Amine, S., Es-Sabry, M., et al. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-33319-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Liu, S., Yan, D., Yuan, Y., et al. (2026) · Chaos Solitons & Fractals · doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2026.118409 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sağbaş, M., & Mınaeı, S. (2026) · Physica Scripta · doi:10.1088/1402-4896/ae6a3c · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Alali, A. S., Jamil, M. K., Ali, R., et al. (2026) · Chaos Solitons & Fractals · doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2026.118733 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hou, P., Lu, L., Zou, C., Liu, J., & Shang, Y. (2025) · Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences · doi:10.1007/s44443-025-00387-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Liu, F., & Wu, S. (2026) · Physica Scripta · doi:10.1088/1402-4896/ae3445 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Huang, Y., Zhang, J., Song, Y., et al. (2026) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-025-12188-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fei, X., Wang, C., Zou, C., Cui, S., Yang, Y., & Liu, J. (2026) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3670881 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Robust Hyperchaotic Attractor-Based Image Encryption and FPGA Implementation
Bao, H., Fan, Z., Zhang, Y., et al. (2026) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3680128 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ghiasi, A., Hayati, M., & Majidifar, S. (2026) · Results in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2026.110791 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Yogi, B., Majumdar, R., Ghosh, P., Sharma, L., & Roy, S. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-51078-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Acharya, B., Jaiswal, S., Aradhana, A., & Patro, K. A. K. (2026) · International Journal of Dynamics and Control · doi:10.1007/s40435-026-02169-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Verification of a Multi-Stage Chaotic Image Encryption Architecture Using MATLAB and VIVADO
Bupaal.S, H., Raja, A., Maran, P., & Mathivanan, P. (2026) · 2026 International Conference on Wireless Communications Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET) · doi:10.1109/wispnet69615.2026.11489439
Aldin, S. S. A. B., Aldin, N. B., & Aykaç, M. (2026) · Engineering Science and Technology an International Journal · doi:10.1016/j.jestch.2026.102287
Design & development of data level security for digital health systems on FPGA
Sridevi, A., Janakiraman, S., Upadhyay, H. N., Sivaraman, R., & Amirtharajan, R. (2026) · Cluster Computing · doi:10.1007/s10586-026-06082-0
A Novel PQC-Based Image Encryption Scheme Using Seismic Wave Permutation
İnce, C. (2026) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e28070800
Sustained hyperchaos and multistability in a two-dimensional discrete memristive map
Sarkar, B., Singh, S., & Kumar, S. K. S. (2026) · The European Physical Journal Plus · doi:10.1140/epjp/s13360-026-07998-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Complexity-Guided Adaptive Encryption for Secure Image Transmission
Drissi, S., Gmira, F., Khatar, Z., et al. (2026) · International Conference on Circuit, Systems and Communication (ICCSC) · doi:10.1109/iccsc71566.2026.11650486
A DNA-Based Image Encryption Scheme Using Optimized Lorenz–Sprott Hyperchaotic System
Xu, W., Xue, L., Zhu, L., Li, J., & Li, G. (2026) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e28090964
Sihwail, R., Ghamri, M. A., & Ariffin, K. A. Z. (2026) · Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing · doi:10.1155/acis/6212067
Deb, S., Singh, J. P., & Roy, B. K. (2026) · Chaos Solitons & Fractals · doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2026.119192
Secure Chaotic Image Encryption Implemented in FPGA
Sarkar, P., Das, A. K., Saha, A., et al. (2026) · doi:10.1109/ciacon70148.2026.11689361
FPGA-Based Real-Time Lorenz Chaotic System for LSB Secure Communication
Hussein, S. H., Alexan, W., ElKhouly, A., et al. (2026) · doi:10.1109/smirc70459.2026.11706698
Self-citationRabinovich Chaos and Arnold Cat Map for Augmented Image Encryption and Its FPGA Realization
Alexan, W., Mamdouh, E., Elshabasy, N. H., et al. (2026) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-35982-7_9
Self-citation
- Authors
- Alexan, W., & Megalli, Y.
- Affiliations
- German University in Cairo (EG)
- Corresponding author
- Alexan, Wassim
- Venue
- Discover Electronics
- Published
- 2025-09-13
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 2948-1600 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4414260918
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 4
- FWCI
- 12.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Discover Electronics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Computer Science and Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Cryptographic Implementations and Security
- Keywords
- image encryption, hyperchaotic systems, FPGA implementation, multi-layer encryption, confusion and diffusion, real-time encryption, differential attack resistance, high-throughput encryption
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
