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Cited by 72Chaos-based Image/Signal EncryptionComputer Science and EngineeringAdvanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques

Image Encryption via Base-n PRNGs and Parallel Base-n S-Boxes

Open access
Gabr, Mohamed, Elias, Rimon, Hosny, Khalid M., Papakostas, George A., Alexan, Wassim·2023·IEEE Access
DOI 10.1109/access.2023.3301460
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Abstract

The fast-paced advancement in multimedia production and exchanges over unsecured networks have led to a dire need to develop security applications. In this regard, chaos theory has much to offer, especially high-dimensional (HD) chaotic functions of fractional order. The authors propose a new symmetric, secure and robust image encryption method in this research work. In this method, the authors hybridize the Chen and Chua chaotic functions with a Memristor circuit to benefit from the strengths of each. Such a hybridization of systems allows for the generation of pseudo-random numbers which are used to develop encryption keys and substitution boxes (S-boxes). For the application of the generated encryption keys towards carrying out data diffusion, instead of the most commonly used approach of bit-stream levelXOR, this work utilizes different logical and arithmetic operations, which is made possible by performing this process over variable numerical bases. Moreover, multiple S-boxes of varying base-nare generated and utilized in a parallel fashion, carrying out data confusion. The computed numerical results reflect the superior capabilities of the proposed image encryption technique, signifying resilience and robustness against various attacks.

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  • The reversible property of logical gates such as XOR, XNOR, Fredkin, and CNOT ensures that original high-quality images can be perfectly reconstructed after decryption.

    “The reversible property of these gates, where the input can be derived from the output without any loss of information, is particularly appealing in multimedia encryption. This reversibility ensures that the original high-quality images can be perfectly reconstructed after decryption, an essential factor for applications where detail and accuracy are paramount21,24.”

    From A chaos-based augmented image encryption scheme for satellite images using Fredkin logic (2025) · cites this paper as [21]

    Section III, “Encryption Key Application” (page not provided), says reversible operations reproduce the original input data; Section III-A identifies XOR and XNOR as reversible operations used in image encryption. These passages support lossless recovery in principle, but our copy does not identify Fredkin or CNOT as the gates used for that purpose, nor does it establish the claim about reconstructed image quality. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Gabr, M., Elias, R., Hosny, K. M., Papakostas, G. A., & Alexan, W.
Affiliations
  • German University in Cairo (EG)
  • Zagazig University (EG)
  • International Hellenic University (GR)
  • German International University (EG)
ORCID
Venue
IEEE Access
Publisher
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Published
2023
Volume
11
Pages
85002-85030
ISSN
2169-3536 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1109/access.2023.3301460
OpenAlex
W4385486455
Cited by
72
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 4
FWCI
6.53
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • IEEE Access (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Hellenic Academic Libraries (HEAL)-Link in OA mode
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Computer Science and Engineering
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Keywords
image encryption, pseudorandom number generators, memristive circuits, hybrid chaotic system, encryption keys, data diffusion, confusion

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