The operant side of behavior therapy.
Abstract
For more than twenty-four hundred years, people were seen to behave in given ways because of what they were feeling or thinking, and feelings and thoughts were therefore the things to study. However, it has always been difficult to do very much with feelings and thoughts because of their inaccessibility to outside observers. Further, important distinctions are obscured when behavior is attributed to a state of mind. As more and more of the variables of which behavior is a function are identified and their role analysed, less remains to be explained in mentalistic ways. The operant side of behavior therapy is illustrated by considering a few characteristic problems. Discussion includes the analysis of contingencies outside and inside the clinic, and the relationship between behavioral health and medical health.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Multiple theoretical models support traditional face-to-face cognitive-behavioral therapy.
“Multiple theoretical models support traditional face-to-face CBT including the theory of reasoned action [24], the theory of planned behavior [2], social-cognitive theory [6], control theory [16], the health beliefs model [33] operant conditioning [53] and the biopsychosocial model of pain [64].”
From Internet-enhanced management of fibromyalgia: A randomized controlled trial (2010) · cites this paper as [53]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Internet-enhanced management of fibromyalgia: A randomized controlled trial
Williams, D. A., Kuper, D., Segar, M., Mohan, N., Sheth, M., & Clauw, D. J. (2010) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.08.034 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
“Multiple theoretical models support the traditional face-to-face CBT including the theory of reasoned action [24], the theory of planned behavior [2], social-cognitive theory [6], control theory [16], the health beliefs model [33] operant conditioning [53] and the biopsychosocial model of pain [64].”
BackgroundDavis, T. E., & Ollendick, T. (2006) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpi018 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Dean, E. (2009) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/09593980902813416 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“These include Social Cognitive Theory in which self-efficacy is a central component (Bandura, 1977, 1986, 1997; Baranowski, Perry, and Parcel, 2001; Whitehead, 2001); the Theory of Reasoned Action or Planned Behavior (perceived behavioral control construct) (Ajzen, 1991; Armitage and Connor, 2001; Glanz, Lewis, and Ri…”
BackgroundTracking the Learning Curve in Microsurgical Skill Acquisition
Selber, J. C., Chang, E. I.-F., Liu, J., et al. (2012) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e318262f14a · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Some fundamentals of B. F. Skinner's behaviorism.
Delprato, D. J., & Midgley, B. D. (1992) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.47.11.1507 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
B. F. Skinner’s contributions to applied behavior analysis
Morris, E. K., Smith, N. G., & Altus, D. E. (2005) · The Behavior Analyst · doi:10.1007/bf03392108 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Reinforcement learning and its connections with neuroscience and psychology
Subramanian, A., Chitlangia, S., & Baths, V. (2021) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2021.10.003 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“• Action vigor: Work on the role of motivation in animal behavior observes a strong correlation between motivation and action vigor [218].”
BackgroundA study in the founding of applied behavior analysis through its publications
Morris, E. K., Altus, D. E., & Smith, N. G. (2013) · The Behavior Analyst · doi:10.1007/bf03392293 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“…pp. 1–35; Skinner, 1953, pp. 45–58), as were (and are) Pavlovian-based therapies (Martin & Pear, 2002, pp. 339–353; Miltenberger, 2008, pp. 541–563; see Skinner, 1988).8 We did not exclude Staats’s system (known as social, psychological, and paradigmatic behaviorism; e.g., Staats, 1975, 1981),…”
Darwin’s Other Dilemmas and the Theoretical Roots of Emotional Connection
Ludwig, R. J., & Welch, M. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00683 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Citing Williams (1972), Weiner (1948), Skinner (1938), Lorenz (1937), Hinde (1970) and various cognitive scientists and their research, Bowlby proposed that behavioral systems are individual and self-controlled through feedback loops in a hierarchical top-down manner in ways that promote and…”
BackgroundSaini, V., & Mitteer, D. R. (2019) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1002/jeab.562 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
From mechanistic to functional behaviorism.
Moxley, R. A. (1992) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.47.11.1300 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Tsai, P., Chang, N., Chang, W., Lee, P., & Wang, M.-Y. (2007) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2007.6289 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Dissecting the "black box" of community intervention: background and rationale
Pearson, T. A., Lewis, C. B., Wall, S., Jenkins, P., Nafziger, A. N., & Weinehall, L. (2001) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/14034948010290021301 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Community interventions to reduce these Pavlov and Watson, with some theoretical diVerences) using exposures remain `̀ black boxes’ ’ in many respects, the method of operant conditioning, in which animals would hindering attempts to reduce population exposure and be contained in `̀ black boxes’’ with limited and contr…”
BackgroundDavis, T. E. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09530-1_7 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Behavioral Assessment in the Psychiatric Setting
O’Brien, W. H., & Haynes, S. N. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2430-8_3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Cognitive rehabilitation following traumatic brain injury
Freire, F. R., Coelho, F., Lacerda, J. R., et al. (2011) · Dementia & Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1590/s1980-57642011dn05010004 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“The Behavioral Training method is based on the ABA Applied Behavior Analysis method, based on behaviorism which involves observation, analysis and explanation of the association among environment, human behavior and learning.(37) Once the behavior is analyzed, an action plan can be implemented to change this behavior.”
MethodTreisman, G. J., & Clark, M. R. (2011) · Advances in psychosomatic medicine · doi:10.1159/000324063 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Carmel, A., Torres, N. I., Chalker, S. A., & Comtois, K. A. (2017) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1397 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Functions, Consequences, and Frequency of Non-suicidal Self-Injury
Saraff, P. D., Trujillo, N. P., & Pepper, C. M. (2015) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-015-9338-6 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Although conscious awareness of the association between the behavior and the consequence are not necessary for learning, humans with verbal capacity learn faster when given a rule describing the consequence that follows a behavior [11].”
BackgroundWho, What, and When: Skinner’s Critiques of Neuroscience and His Main Targets
Zilio, D. (2016) · The Behavior Analyst · doi:10.1007/s40614-016-0053-x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Clinical trial issues in weight-loss therapy
Patel, M. R., Donahue, M., Wilson, P. W. F., & Califf, R. M. (2006) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.03.006 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Wearable discontinuance: Pathways in the volitional information systems discontinuance process
Dhir, A., Nijjer, S., Luo, X. R., & Kaur, P. (2024) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2024.104038 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Teaching Media of Fiqh Magazine Model to Improve Prayer Understanding in Primary School Students
Arifin, M. B. U. B., Nurdyansyah, N., Rindaningsih, I., et al. (2019) · Universal Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.13189/ujer.2019.070821 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ortega, J. V., Fidalgo, M. M., Parga, M. X. F., & Elvira, A. C. (2011) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2010.12.004 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“The hypotheses below were derived from the applied behavior–analytic literature and, therefore, are consistent with the view that clinical interaction can be conceptualized as an operant process (FrojánParga, Calero-Elvira, & Montaño-Fidalgo, 2009; Hamilton, 1988; Skinner, 1988).”
ResultEmpirically Supported Family and Peer Interventions for Dual Disorders
Moore, B. C. (2005) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731505275059 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“These interventions have their origins in the work of B.F. Skinner (1988), Albert Bandura (1976), and Aaron Beck (1976).”
BackgroundMorris, E. K., & Smith, N. G. (2003) · The Behavior Analyst · doi:10.1007/bf03392067 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Contextual Behavior Analysis in the Assessment Process
Mattaini, M. A. (1990) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1177/104438949007100406 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A Motion Videogame for Opioid Relapse Prevention
Abroms, L. C., Leavitt, L. E., Alstyne, J. M. V., Schindler-Ruwisch, J. M., Fishman, M. J., & Greenberg, D. (2015) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2014.0100 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“The development of the game was based on the Social Cognitive Theory, self-schemas, repetitive priming, and the Reinforcement Theory of Motivation.(18,19) Based on Social Cognitive Theory, it is hypothesized that by repeatedly roleplaying destroying drugs/avoiding drugs in the context of the game, players will experie…”
Overview of Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention for Children with Autism
Lang, R. B., Hancock, T. B., & Singh, N. N. (2016) · Evidence-based practices in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30925-5_1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Fronteiras entre análise do comportamento e fisiologia: Skinner e a temática dos eventos privados
Tourinho, E. Z., Teixeira, E. D. R., & Maciel, J. M. (2000) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1590/s0102-79722000000300011 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Historical Research: The History of African American Breastfeeding in the United States
Devane-Johnson, S., Williams, R. A., & Giscombé, C. L. W. (2022) · Journal of Human Lactation · doi:10.1177/08903344221118542 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Arifin, M. B. U. B., Nurdyansyah, N., Rindaningsih, I., et al. (2021) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1779/1/012049 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Learning media is a tool or means of communication that aims to make teaching and learning[10], [11] effectively.”
BackgroundMother/Infant Emotional Communication Through the Lens of Visceral/Autonomic Learning
Welch, M. G., & Ludwig, R. J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65077-7_15 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Matson, J. L., & Gardner, W. I. (1991) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(91)90094-b · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Carmel, A., Comtois, K. A., Harned, M. S., Holler, R., & McFarr, L. M. (2015) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2015.04.001 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“CM derives from operant conditioning theory and generally refers to the use of consequences to either increase (i.e., reinforce) or suppress (i.e., punish) a specific behavior (Skinner, 1988).”
BackgroundEthics and the person-centered approach: A dialogue with radical alterity
Vieira, E. M., & Pinheiro, F. P. H. A. (2015) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354315591051 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“The value that would guide the control exerted by this science would be the long-term strengthening of the species, such that “control is ethical if it is exerted for the sake of the controlled” (Skinner, 1988, p. 175).”
BackgroundSplit-Second Unlearning: Developing a Theory of Psychophysiological Dis-ease
Hudson, M., & Johnson, M. I. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.716535 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The mid-twentieth century saw behaviorism become formalized into a theory to present a more mechanistic explanation of human learning and behavior (see for example work by Watson, 1930; Skinner, 1963, 1980, 1988; Schneider and Morris, 1987).”
BackgroundUnderstanding B.F. Skinner: Building Emotional Competence in Students with Diverse Learning Needs
Banks, T. I., Sapp, M., & Obiakor, F. E. (2013) · Multicultural Learning and Teaching · doi:10.1515/mlt-2013-0021 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“According to Skinner (1988), feelings are the products of one’s experiences, and they are by-products of reinforcement.”
BackgroundSöderlund, A., & Lagerlöf, H. (2016) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s121609 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Abroms, L. C., Fishman, M. J., Vo, H. T., Chiang, S. C., Somerville, V., Rakhmanov, L., Ruggiero, M. S., & Greenberg, D. (2019) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/11716 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“All game art was created in a hyperrealistic, idealized, heroic style, which is the preferred style choice as per a focus group in an earlier work [17].”
InfluentialAn investigation into factors that may contribute to school violence in male high schools in Kuwait
Al-Husaini, M. (2004) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
(2007) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-431-5_7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zilio, D. (2015) · Acta comportamentalia. · doi:10.32870/ac.v23i4.53799 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Epicurus and B. F. Skinner: In search of the good life
Neuringer, A. J., & Englert, W. G. (2016) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1002/jeab.230 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Evidence-Based Assessment and Treatment of Specific Phobias in Children and Adolescents
Ollendick, T. H., & Davis, T. E. (2012) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3253-1_3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Specific Phobia, Fear, and the Autism Spectrum in Children and Adolescents: Adapting OST for ASD
Davis, T. E., & Brennan, J. (2024) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-024-00475-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Fear is then a decreased probability of approach behavior which can be countered by reinforcing incremental approach responses up the fear hierarchy (Davis & Ollendick, 2005; Skinner, 1988).”
Filges, T., Knudsen, A., Svendsen, M., Kowalski, K., Benjaminsen, L., & Jørgensen, A. (2015) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.4073/csr.2015.3 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Operant conditioning is based on associations within a context of events (such as an antecedent stimulus) between a given behaviour and its consequences (Skinner, 1988).”
BackgroundSlot Machine Response Frequency Predicts Pathological Gambling
Linnet, J., Thomsen, K. R., Møller, A., & Callesen, M. B. (2013) · International Journal of Psychological Studies · doi:10.5539/ijps.v5n1p121 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…response frequency on slot machines in pathological gambling is also consistent with the notion of behavioral reinforcement in the disorder (Skinner, 1958, 1963, 1988), and may reflect that in pathological gambling the behavior has been reinforced over time to produce a faster, longer, and…”
The wit and wisdom of Wilbert (Bill) Fordyce (1923 - 2009)
Butler, S. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.06.006 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Handayani, R., Mutmainnah, M., & Satriani, S. (2023) · Jurnal Literasi Digital · doi:10.54065/jld.3.2.2023.286 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Media pembelajaran adalah alat atau sarana komunikasi yang bertujuan agar proses belajar mengajar (Bertoncelli et al, 2016; Skinner, 1988) berjalan efektif.”
Conceito skinneriano de comportamento eficaz
Mazzo, I. M. B., & Gongora, M. A. N. (2009) · Interação em Psicologia · doi:10.5380/psi.v13i2.12270 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cognitive–Behavioral Therapies for Young People in Outpatient Treatment for Nonopioid Drug Use
Filges, T., & Jørgensen, A. K. (2016) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731516629803 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Operant conditioning is based on associations within a context of events (such as an antecedent stimulus) between a given behavior and its consequences (Skinner, 1988).”
BackgroundReintegrating Janus: Eclectics and dialectics in counselling and psychotherapy
Short, R. H., Boone, B. J., & Hess, G. C. (1997) · International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling · doi:10.1007/bf00115678 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“In essence, in this perspective the Human was created by Reality or R H. For example, while the theories of Skinner (1988) and Wolpe (1990) acknowledge the existence of thoughts and feelings they are seen as epiphenomenal by-products of environmental stimuli.”
MethodKowalski, K., Rasmussen, P. S., Knudsen, A. D., Benjaminsen, L., Filges, T., & Jørgensen, A.-M. K. (2012) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.94 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Operant conditioning is based on associations within a context of events (e.g.,an antecedent stimulus) and a given behaviour and its consequences, whereby perceived rewards can (negatively or positively) reinforce such behaviour (Skinner, 1988).”
BackgroundFor a Quantitative Evaluation of Risk Assessment -Behavior-based Safety
Hojo, R., Bördlein, C., Hamajima, K., et al. (2020) · IEEE Global Conference on Life Sciences and Technologies (LifeTech) · doi:10.1109/lifetech48969.2020.1570619864 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Behavior Analysis is defined as the science of behavior [1].”
BackgroundAmbivalence: The Tension Between “Yes” and “No”
Stehn, M., & Wilson, F. R. (2012) · Journal of Creativity in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15401383.2012.657587 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“” Behaviorists describe clients’ resistant behaviors as being controlled by internal and external reinforcers (Linehan, 1993; Skinner, 1988) but have not written extensively about resistance perhaps, as Cullari (1996) suggests, because of the scholarly style of their research tradition.”
BackgroundPresidential election and cell recount
Borlongan, C. V. (2001) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200104170-00002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Behavioral design of a positive verbal community: A preliminary experimental analysis
Alford, B. A., & Jaremko, M. E. (1990) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(90)90004-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
INTERNET-BASED TREATMENT FOR DEPRESSION AND PANIC DISORDER From Development to Deployment
Bergström, J. (2010) · Figshare · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Factors of Overweight/Obesity in Taiwanese Adolescents
Chan, S. (2012) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Herman, K. G. (2013) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Experimental Models and Strategies for Studying Associative Learning and Memory
Wang, J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-9501-7_3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Arrastia-Chisholm, M. C., Adams, K. S., Cakmakci, H., & Cunningham, T. J. (2024) · International Journal of Positivity & Well-Being · doi:10.61518/ijpw-34 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Because behaviorists like Skinner could not truly know what was happening in the human mind, they disregarded cognitions and focused on behaviors, that could be directly observed (Skinner, 1988).”
BackgroundMy Classroom Management Plan: The First Two Weeks of School
Burkhart, H. (2014) · ScholarWorks@BGSU (Bowling Green State University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Análise do comportamento e neurociências: em busca de uma possível síntese
Alves, D. Z. (2013) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.47.2013.tde-22112013-163002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pavan-Cândido, C. D. C. (2020) · doi:10.11606/t.59.2020.tde-27022020-090025 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lagerlöf, H. (2015) · DiVA (Mälardalen University College) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Changed subject or wrong subject?
Kaplan, R. M. (1995) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870449508400241
Cawthon, H. D. (2016) · Digital Commons (Liberty University)
Schlinger, H. D., & Morris, E. K. (2013) · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0098
Simonson, G. R. (2018) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Psychiatric aspects of gastroparesis
Treisman, G. J., & King, J. E. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818586-5.00027-2
Srivastava, V. (2020) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · doi:10.13023/etd.2020.451
(2011) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b10790-15
(2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008045073-5/50011-3
Berg, J. M., Ammirati, R. J., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2012) · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0014
Gambrill, E. D. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1573-3_8
Psychosocial Theories of Childhood and Adolescence
Waite‐Jones, J. M., & Rodriguez, A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-99354-2_3
THE SELF-HEALTH MOVEMENT: CHANGING FOR GOOD HEALTH
Saad, J. M. (2022) · doi:10.23860/diss-saad-julian-2022
El lugar vacante del concepto de sujeto en la clínica psicoanalítica del autismo
Jofré, L. (2023) · Revista Latinoamericana de Psicopatologia Fundamental · doi:10.1590/1415-4714.e221159
“Actualmente, muchos países organizan el acompañamiento en la infancia de sujetos que se encuentran en el espectro del autismo, a partir de intervenciones educativas que contienen elementos del condicionamiento operante (Skinner, 1988).”
Background(2000) · Time to knit · doi:10.1016/s1283-0860(95)23813-2
Openness to the Unconscious: Clinical Validity
Swan, S. A. (2012)
Cao, T., Johnston, W. R., Christensen, S., Crouse, S., & Sun, Q. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.03.02.709169
Development and Preliminary Validation of a Brief Depression Scale in a Mexican Sample
Cadena, C. H. G., Pinales, Ó. M. L., Gutiérrez-Martínez, A. K., Trujillo, F. J. B., & Alanís, I. V. M. (2026) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint7040171
- Authors
- Skinner, B. F.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Skinner, B.F.
- ORCID
- Skinner, B.F.
- Venue
- Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1988-09
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 171-179
- ISSN
- 0005-7916 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2014984810
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 1.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › General Psychology › Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- operant conditioning, behavior therapy, mentalism, contingency, behavioral health
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Affect, Attitude to Health, Behavior Therapy, Conditioning, Operant, Humans, Social Environment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
