Once More with Feeling: Supportive Responses to Social Sharing on Facebook
Abstract
Life is more than cat pictures. There are tough days, heartbreak, and hugs. Under what contexts do people share these feelings online, and how do their friends respond? Using millions of de-identified Facebook status updates with poster-annotated feelings (e.g., “feeling thankful” or “feeling worried”), we examine the magnitude and circumstances in which people share positive or negative feelings and characterize the nature of the responses they receive. We find that people share greater proportions of both positive and negative emotions when their friend networks are smaller and denser. Consistent with social sharing theory, hearing about a friend's troubles on Facebook causes friends to reply with more emotional and supportive comments. Friends' comments are also more numerous and longer. Posts with positive feelings, on the other hand, receive more likes, and their comments have more positive language. Feelings that relate to the poster's self worth, such as “feeling defeated,” “feeling unloved,” or “feeling accomplished” amplify these effects.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Several works on depression have emerged based on social networks: Twitter and Facebook.
“Several works on depression have emerged.They are based on social networks: Twitter [23,24] and Facebook [25,26].”
From Survey on AI-Based Multimodal Methods for Emotion Detection (2019) · cites this paper as [26]
Cites
The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life.
Naegele, K. D., & Goffman, E. (1956) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2089106 · Cited by 26,021 · see citing works
Handbook of Emotion Regulation
Lambert, K. G. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.298.15.1808 · Cited by 4,900 · see citing works
Social Relationships and Health.
Cohen, S. (2004) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.59.8.676 · Cited by 4,852 · see citing works
Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, the
&, L. L. K., & Holtz-Bacha, C. (2008) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412953993.n530 · Cited by 3,796 · see citing works
Neocortex size as a constraint on group size in primates
Dunbar, R. I. M. (1992) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/0047-2484(92)90081-j · Cited by 2,542 · see citing works
Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC)
Chung, C. K., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2012) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-60960-741-8.ch012 · Cited by 2,152 · see citing works
Marsden, P. V. (1990) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.so.16.080190.002251 · Cited by 2,055 · see citing works
Different Strokes from Different Folks: Community Ties and Social Support
Wellman, B., & Wortley, S. (1990) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/229572 · Cited by 2,047 · see citing works
Pan-cultural elements in facial displays of emotion
Ekman, P., Sorenson, E. R., & Friesen, W. V. (1969) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.164.3875.86 · Cited by 1,775 · see citing works
Conflict and the Web of Group-Affiliations
Illing, H. A., & Simmel, G. (1955) · The Journal of Criminal Law Criminology and Police Science · doi:10.2307/1139856 · Cited by 1,756 · see citing works
Emotion Elicits the Social Sharing of Emotion: Theory and Empirical Review
Rimé, B. (2009) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073908097189 · Cited by 1,546 · cited 5× · see citing works
“disclosing negative emotions with trusted, close friends who are most able to provide meaningful support [1,12,44].”
BackgroundInfluentialHogan, B. (2010) · Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society · doi:10.1177/0270467610385893 · Cited by 1,318 · see citing works
Social network activity and social well-being
Burke, M., Marlow, C., & Lento, T. (2010) · Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1753326.1753613 · Cited by 1,109 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Previous research demonstrates that merely broadcasting status updates out to a circle of friends is not directly linked to improvements in well-being; in fact, it is linked to higher levels of loneliness [10].”
BackgroundSelf-citationLaurenceau, J.-P., Barrett, L. F., & Pietromonaco, P. R. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1238 · Cited by 1,064 · see citing works
Ellison, N. B., Vitak, J., Gray, R., & Lampe, C. (2014) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/jcc4.12078 · Cited by 916 · see citing works
Naaman, M., Boase, J., & Lai, C. (2010) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/1718918.1718953 · Cited by 726 · see citing works
Capitalizing on and coping with daily-life events: Expressive responses to positive events.
Langston, C. A. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1112 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Expressive Writing, Emotional Upheavals, and Health
Pennebaker, J. W., & Chung, C. K. (2006) · Foundations of Health Psychology · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195139594.003.0011 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Burke, M., Marlow, C. A., & Lento, T. (2009) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1518701.1518847 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Self-citationIt's not that i don't have problems, i'm just not putting them on facebook
Newman, M., Lauterbach, D., Munson, S. A., Resnick, P., & Morris, M. E. (2011) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/1958824.1958876 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Reis, H. T., Smith, S. M., Carmichael, C. L., Caprariello, P. A., Tsai, F., Rodrigues, A. E., & Maniaci, M. R. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018344 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Quantifying the invisible audience in social networks
Bernstein, M. S., Bakshy, E., Burke, M., & Karrer, B. (2013) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2470654.2470658 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Self-citationThe emotional responses of browsing Facebook: Happiness, envy, and the role of tie strength
Lin, R., & Utz, S. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.064 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Network Capital in a Multilevel World: Getting Support from Personal Communities
Wellman, B., & Frank, K. A. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315129457-10 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Disclosing and sharing emotion: Psychological, social, and health consequences.
Pennebaker, J. W., Zech, E., & Rimé, B. (2001) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10436-022 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Self-Esteem and Emotion: Some Thoughts about Feelings
Brown, J. D., & Marshall, M. A. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167201275006 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Social Privacy in Networked Publics: Teens’ Attitudes, Practices, and StrategiesPreprint
boyd, D., & Marwick, A. E. (2017) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/2gec4 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Growing closer on facebook: changes in tie strength through social network site use
Burke, M., & Kraut, R. E. (2014) · Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2556288.2557094 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Self-citationAn unobtrusive behavioral model of "gross national happiness"
Kramer, A. D. I. (2010) · Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1753326.1753369 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Social sharing through interpersonal media: Patterns and effects on emotional well-being
Choi, M., & Toma, C. L. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.026 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Managing Impressions and Relationships on Facebook
Bazarova, N. N., Taft, J. G., Choi, Y. H., & Cosley, D. (2012) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x12456384 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
On Facebook, most ties are weak
Meo, P. D., Ferrara, E., Fiumara, G., & Provetti, A. (2014) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/2629438 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Using facebook after losing a job
Burke, M., & Kraut, R. E. (2013) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/2441776.2441936 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Self-citationJordan, A. H., Monin, B., Dweck, C. S., Lovett, B. J., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210390822 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Social Sharing of Emotions on Facebook
Bazarova, N. N., Choi, Y. H., Sosik, V. S., Cosley, D., & Whitlock, J. L. (2015) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/2675133.2675297 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Not All Moods Are Created Equal! Exploring Human Emotional States in Social Media
Choudhury, M. D., Counts, S., & Gamon, M. (2021) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v6i1.14279 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Chang, P. F., Choi, Y. H., Bazarova, N. N., & Löckenhoff, C. E. (2015) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2015.1029126 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Lin, H. Y., Tov, W., & Qiu, L. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.09.045 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Toward a reconsideration of the gender–emotion relationship.
LaFrance, M., & Banaji, M. R. (1992) · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Gender, topic, and audience response: an analysis of user-generated content on facebook
Wang, Y.-C., Burke, M., & Kraut, R. E. (2013) · International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2470654.2470659 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationWe feel fine and searching the emotional web
Kamvar, S. D., & Harris, J. (2011) · ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (WSDM) · doi:10.1145/1935826.1935854 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Toma, C. L. (2013) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2012.762189 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The reluctance to transmit bad news: Private discomfort or public display?
Bond, C. F., & Anderson, E. (1987) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(87)90030-8 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Network properties and social sharing of emotions in social awareness streams
Kivran-Swaine, F., & Naaman, M. (2011) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/1958824.1958882 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Calling All Facebook Friends: Exploring Requests for Help on Facebook
Ellison, N. B., Gray, R., Jessica Vitak, B., Lampe, C. A. C., & Fiore, A. T. (2021) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v7i1.14436 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The selectivity of nonmaterial beliefs in interpreting life events
Pepitone, A., & Saffiotti, L. M. (1997) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(199701)27:1 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Understanding Loneliness in Social Awareness Streams: Expressions and Responses
Kivran-Swaine, F., Ting, J., Brubaker, J. R., Teodoro, R., & Naaman, M. (2014) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v8i1.14506 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 48 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Burke, M., & Kraut, R. E. (2016) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/jcc4.12162 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
“Though there is a slight positivity bias among the stories that people share (Burke & Develin, 2016), people also post about distressing world events, political arguments, and personal drama.”
BackgroundAnonymity, Intimacy and Self-Disclosure in Social Media
Ma, X., Hancock, J. T., & Naaman, M. (2016) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2858036.2858414 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
“1 People share both positive and negative aspects in social media [10, 31], and these different disclosures are important for different aspects of individuals well-being [5, 10].”
BackgroundAnnouncing Pregnancy Loss on Facebook
Andalibi, N., & Forte, A. (2018) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3173574.3173732 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“positive and negative emotions when their Facebook networks are denser and smaller [14].”
BackgroundValkenburg, P. M., Koutamanis, M., & Vossen, H. G. M. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.008 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“Both the positivity bias (Reinecke & Trepte, 2014) and the tendency to respond to such messages with positive feedback (Burke & Develin, 2016) have been veri fi ed in empirical research.”
Algorithmic psychometrics and the scalable subject
Stark, L. (2018) · Social Studies of Science · doi:10.1177/0306312718772094 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Survey on AI-Based Multimodal Methods for Emotion Detection
Marechal, C., Mikołajewski, D., Tyburek, K., Prokopowicz, P., Bougueroua, L., Ancourt, C., & Węgrzyn-Wolska, K. (2019) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16272-6_11 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“The aim of [22] was to report on the associations between depression severity and the variability (time-unstructured) and instability (time-structured) in emotion word expression on Facebook and Twitter across status updates.”
BackgroundInfluentialSocial media and visual framing of the conflict in Eastern Ukraine
Makhortykh, M., & Sydorova, M. (2017) · Media War & Conflict · doi:10.1177/1750635217702539 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“See, for instance, works by Gerlitz and Helmond (2013), Wang et al. (2013), Khosla et al. (2014), and Burke and Develin (2016).”
BackgroundHollis, V., Konrad, A., Springer, A., Antoun, M., Antoun, C., Martin, R., & Whittaker, S. (2017) · Human–Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/07370024.2016.1277724 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“It is important that we understand how this affects our emotions and well-being (Burke & Develin, 2016; Gonzales & Hancock, 2011; Kim & Lee, 2011; Kramer, Guillory, & Hancock, 2014).”
BackgroundDisclosure, Privacy, and Stigma on Social Media
Andalibi, N. (2020) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3386600 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“, getting married and receiving a dream job offer) [25] and what they consider to be emotionally challenging, painful, or associated with stigma (e.”
BackgroundSensemaking and Coping After Pregnancy Loss
Andalibi, N., & García, P. M. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3449201 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“We build upon research that has examined how online spaces extend traditional social support networks, including how interactions within those spaces inhibit or facilitate emotional wellbeing [5,19,36,37] to examine how participants seek emotional”
BackgroundPyPlutchik: Visualising and comparing emotion-annotated corpora
Semeraro, A., Vilella, S., & Ruffo, G. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256503 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Responding to Sensitive Disclosures on Social Media
Andalibi, N., & Forte, A. (2018) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3241044 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Responses to Facebook posts with negative emotions have been found to contain supportive and emotional language [17].”
BackgroundWhat is Spiritual Support and How Might It Impact the Design of Online Communities?
Smith, C. E., Kaur, A., Gach, K. Z., Terveen, L. G., Kreitzer, M., & O'Conner-Von, S. (2021) · Proc. ACM Hum. Comput. Interact. · doi:10.1145/3449117 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Similarly, Facebook users can receive various types of social support, from comments of encouragement and shared celebration, to thoughtful private messages [16].”
BackgroundSocial Comparison and Facebook
Burke, M., Cheng, J., & de Gant, B. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376482 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“One large empirical study of the Facebook News Feed found that among posts with feeling annotations (such as “feeling blessed” or “feeling lonely”), 57% were positive and 43% negative [6].”
BackgroundSelf-citationFear and Hope, Bitter and Sweet: Emotion Sharing of Cancer Community on Twitter
Wang, J., & Wei, L. (2020) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/2056305119897319 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“A large-scale Facebook study showed that posts with negative feelings gained more supportive comments, and posts with positive emotions received more likes (Burke & Develin, 2016).”
BackgroundConstructing Digital Democracies: Facebook, Arendt, and the Politics of Design
Forestal, J. (2020) · Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0032321719890807 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“…actions (Smoliarova et al., 2018).3 Prior to Reactions, users were incentivized to comment on posts for which “Like” was not appropriate (Burke and Develin, 2016); with Reactions, users are able to easily provide more refined “gesture-based” responses and therefore eschew the use of…”
BackgroundTechnology-Mediated Memory: Is Technology Altering Our Memories And Interfering With Well-Being?
Konrad, A., Isaacs, E., & Whittaker, S. (2016) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/2934667 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Oliveira, N., Muller, M. J., Andrade, N., & Reinecke, K. (2018) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3274399 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Triệu, P., & Baym, N. K. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376549 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“” [32] Feedback on social media is a mechanism of relational maintenance [4, 33-35], even at the lightweight level of one-click “likes,” “favorites,” or “hearts.”
BackgroundEffects of social support and personality on emotional disclosure on Facebook and in real life
Pentina, I., & Zhang, L. (2016) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2016.1258086 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Huh-Yoo, J., Razi, A., Nguyen, D. N., Regmi, S., & Wisniewski, P. (2023) · International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581233 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Negative disclosure, on the other hand, may discourage others from responding because of the positivity norm and the capitalization process [10].”
BackgroundPrivacy Theories and Frameworks
Wiśniewski, P., & Page, X. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82786-1_2 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The Effect of Expressive Biosignals on Empathy and Closeness for a Stigmatized Group Member
Liu, F., Kaufman, G. F., & Dabbish, L. (2019) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3359303 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“For instance, Burke and colleagues found that hearing about a friend’s troubles on Facebook causes friends to reply with more emotional and supportive comments [11].”
BackgroundErnala, S. K., Burke, M., Leavitt, A., & Ellison, N. B. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3517569 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationMatley, D. (2018) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2018.06.003 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Kornfield, R., Shaw, B. R., Shah, D. V., Mctavish, F. M., & Gustafson, D. H. (2017) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/2055207617704274 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“91)(36) By highlighting one’s particular concerns, self-disclosure provides details to guide others in responding in a person-centered manner.(37,38) Selfdisclosure may indirectly convey a need for a variety of support types (e.”
BackgroundAdherence to suicide reporting guidelines by news shared on a social networking platform
Sumner, S. A., Burke, M., & Kooti, F. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2001230117 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“A 60-d observation period was selected to comprehensively capture interactions with a post; prior research on Facebook indicates that the majority of interactions with a post happen within 24 h and studies comparing 24-h and 72-h feedback windows yield similar conclusions (31).”
Self-citationMeasuring the Diversity of Facebook Reactions to Research
Freeman, C., Alhoori, H., & Shahzad, M. (2020) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3375192 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“l-media platforms. Rohde et al. [31] and Hewitt et al. [32] were early examples of how social-media data could be used to study inter-community interaction and identity formation online. Burke et al. [33] found that Facebook users are more likely to respond with greater emotional intensity in both positive and negativ…”
BackgroundPage, X., Capener, A., Cullen, S., Wang, T., Garfield, M. J., & Wiśniewski, P. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3517596 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Understanding Feedback Expectations on Facebook
Grinberg, N., Kalyanaraman, S., Adamic, L. A., & Naaman, M. (2017) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/2998181.2998320 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Support and help via feedback are important for alleviating loneliness [15, 29], getting emotional support after losing a job or when sharing emotional content [11,12], enabling information seeking [26,37], maintaining relationships [19,46,47], and more.”
BackgroundAldous, K. K., An, J., & Jansen, B. J. J. (2021) · ACM Transactions on Social Computing · doi:10.1145/3516491 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Moreover, by including positive emotions on Facebook, user posts increase the number of likes while encouraging more positive commenting language [13].”
BackgroundChoi, J. (2022) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2022-1-2 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“While people share their negative life events and emotions on SNSs (Burke & Develin, 2016; Moreno et al., 2011), positive events are more likely to be shared through social media, which does not require immediate feedback, whereas negative events are more likely to be shared through intrusive media…”
BackgroundDesigning for the Bittersweet: Improving Sensitive Experiences with Recommender Systems
Lustig, C., Konrad, A., & Brubaker, J. R. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3502049 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Kim, T., & Hong, H. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/23465 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Habich‐Sobiegalla, S., & Kostka, G. (2022) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2022.2113421 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…perceived bene fi ts for users resulting from data disclosure, including monetary rewards (Bucher et al., 2016; Sayre & Horne, 2000), better services (Acquisti & Grossklags, 2005), access to social support and resources (Burke & Develin, 2016) and social hedonic bene fi ts (Lutz et al., 2018).”
BackgroundHefler, M., Kerrigan, V., Freeman, B., Boot, G. R., & Thomas, D. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6918-7 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Contextual Consent: Ethical Mining of Social Media for Health ResearchPreprint
Norval, C., & Henderson, T. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1701.07765 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Research has suggested that users have differing online behaviour based on their perceived audience, including more self-censorship [5, 32], and sharing smaller proportions of both positive and negative emotions [3] when the perceived audience is more sparse, and less controlled.”
BackgroundMorris, M. R., Bernstein, M. S., Bigham, J. P., Bruckman, A. S., & Monroy‐Hernández, A. (2024) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/3678884.3689134 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Understanding Mechanisms of Media Use for the Social Sharing of Emotion
Choi, M., & Toma, C. L. (2022) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000301 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Song, Y.-Y., & Xu, R. (2018) · Social science computer review · doi:10.1177/0894439318770960 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Looking out for each other online: Digital outreach, emotional surveillance and safe(r) spaces
Brownlie, J. (2018) · Emotion, space and society · doi:10.1016/j.emospa.2018.02.001 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Big social data analytics for public health: Facebook engagement and performance
Straton, N., Hansen, K., Mukkamala, R. R., Hussain, A., Grønli, T., Langberg, H., & Vatrapu, R. (2016) · IEEE International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom) · doi:10.1109/healthcom.2016.7749497 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Diversity and large audience means that people tend to limit themselves to more diplomatic topics and happy news [10].”
BackgroundPeople Tend to Wind Down, Not Up, When They Browse Social Media
Panger, G. (2018) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3274402 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A Mimetic Approach to Social Influence on Instagram
Etienne, H., & Charton, F. (2024) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-024-00736-w · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Deloatch, R., Bailey, B. P., Kirlik, A., & Zilles, C. B. (2017) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3025453.3025709 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Imagined Online Communities: Communionship, Sovereignty, and Inclusiveness in Facebook Groups
Sultana, S., Saha, P., Hasan, S., Alam, S. M. R., Akter, R., Islam, M. M., Arnob, R. I., Islam, A. K. M. N., Al-Ameen, M. N., & Ahmed, S. I. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3555132 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
On the Design Risks of Empathy Fatigue
Nourriz, S., Bezabih, A. M., & Smith, C. E. (2024) · doi:10.1145/3661790.3661798 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Public Health Messaging on Twitter During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Observational Study
Rao, A., Sabri, N., Guo, S., Raschid, L., & Lerman, K. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/63910 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Analyzing Facebook status updates, Burke and Develin [59] found that posts with positive emotions received more likes.”
A Brief History of (Social) Cyberspace
Krämer, N. C., Neubaum, G., & Eimler, S. C. (2016) · Understanding complex systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-43639-5_2 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Social sharing of task-related emotions in Design-Based Learning: Challenges and opportunities
Zhang, F., Markopoulos, P., An, P., & Schüll, M. (2021) · Int. J. Child Comput. Interact. · doi:10.1016/j.ijcci.2021.100378 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Does an image facilitate the sharing of negative news on social media? An experimental investigation
Zhang, X., Tan, H., Yin, C., & Shi, D. (2021) · Library & Information Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.lisr.2021.101120 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Sannon, S., Choi, Y. H., Taft, J. G., & Bazarova, N. N. (2017) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v11i1.14930 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The comments that follow can vary greatly, but previous research has established a link between the topic of posts and comment volume on online blogs (Yano and Smith 2010) and the emotional language of Facebook posts and comments (Burke and Develin 2016), supporting the notion of a joint communication episode construc…”
BackgroundInfluentialUsing Affordance to Understand Usability of Web3 Social Media
Guan, M. Y., Yu, Y., & Wang, K. Y. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713263 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Popowski, S. A., Meyerhoff, J., Allen, O. M., Nguyen, T., McCall, T., Pederson, A. B., Reddy, M. C., Mohr, D. C., & Kornfield, R. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/73279 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Liu, Y., & Yi, H. (2022) · Science Progress · doi:10.1177/00368504221144439 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Zhang, H., Zhang, J., Zhou, Y., Louie, R., Kim, T., Guo, Q., Li, S., & Peng, Z. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3711031 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Guided social sharing of emotions through drawing art therapy
Fan, L.-H., Yu, C., & Shi, Y. (2019) · International Symposium of Chinese CHI (Chinese CHI) · doi:10.1145/3332169.3333571 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The focus of studies on SSH on social network sites is the mechanism and rules of individuals’ emotional expressions and audiences’ responses [1,3,32], and their roles are to adjust users’ emotions [1].”
BackgroundSocial Media Self-Presentation and Emotion
Toma, C. L. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197520536.003.0014 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Eğinli, A. T., & TAŞ, N. Ö. (2023) · International Journal of Social Inquiry · doi:10.37093/ijsi.1336016 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The posts on social media, including positive or negative emotions on any subject, receive more responses than ordinary posts; In contrast, positive emotions receive positive comments, and negative emotions receive longer and more empathetic comments (Burke & Develin, 2016).”
BackgroundWang, D., Eng, J., Turpitka, M., & Epstein, D. A. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3686898 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Huang, M. Z., Lu, Z., Huang, C., Li, Z., Zhao, H., Zhou, X., Cheng, D., & Wang, K. Y. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3748307 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“These expressions are shaped by factors such as network size and density [11, 74, 85], gender differences [72], and social feedback [3].”
All Social Media Is Not Created Equal: Instagram, Finsta, and Loneliness
Schoenfeld, R., & Fiori, K. L. (2021) · Journal of Social Behavioral and Health Sciences · doi:10.5590/jsbhs.2021.15.1.18 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Burke and Develin (2016) found that posting intimate and emotional content results in a reduction in private messages.”
BackgroundAlloing, C., Fortant, E., Pierre, J., Richert, F., & Palisser, R. (2025) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051251355456 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Following this research, five studies (Burke & Develin, 2016; Burke et al., 2010, 2020; Kramer, 2012; Scissors et al., 2016) sought to understand the well-being, loneliness, and social capital of individuals based on their Facebook activities.”
InfluentialMedia Multitaskers and Attentional Bias Toward Emotional Stimuli
Shukla, S. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2796-3_3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Straton, N., Vatrapu, R., & Mukkamala, R. R. (2017) · IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData) · doi:10.1109/bigdata.2017.8258288 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Study on supportive responses to social sharing on Facebook [6] shows that people behave differently on Facebook depending on their network size.”
BackgroundMori, K., Hadjur, H., & Haruno, M. (2022) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2021.0340 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Deng, T., Urbaczewski, A., Lee, Y. J., Barman‐Adhikari, A., & Dewri, R. (2024) · JMIR AI · doi:10.2196/53488 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Social media users share their emotions to seek social support [60], enhance their emotional states [61], and regulate their emotions [62,63].”
Background支华炜, & Qiao, Y. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0352675 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Clinical Topics in Social Media
Joseph, J. J., & Florea, D. (2019) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-9412-3.ch002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Effects of Virtual Likes on Self-Esteem
Desjarlais, M. (2020) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-9412-3.ch012 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Clinical Topics in Social Media
Joseph, J. J., & Florea, D. (2022) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-6307-9.ch008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Effects of Virtual Likes on Self-Esteem
Desjarlais, M. (2022) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-6307-9.ch007 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Popowski, S. A., Meyerhoff, J., Allen, O. M., Nguyen, T., McCall, T., Pederson, A. B., Reddy, M. C., Mohr, D. C., & Kornfield, R. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.73279 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Computational Methods in the Study of Individuals' Attention Online
Grinberg, N. (2017) · eCommons (Cornell University) · doi:10.7298/x41r6nnt
“Support and help via feedback are important for alleviating loneliness [41,128], getting emotional support after losing a job or when sharing emotional content [36,37], enabling information seeking [99,165], maintaining relationships [77,211,212], and more.”
BackgroundSentiment Dynamics in Social Media News ChannelsPreprint
Kumar, N., Nagalla, R., Marwah, T., & Singh, M. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1908.08147
“Unlike previous studies [27, 28, 29, 30, 31], our analysis shows that the sentiment of comment is a function of the news post sentiment and the type of channel through which news was traditionally disseminated.”
ResultBEET: Behavior Engagement Emotion Trigger – A AI-based model to maximize audience engagement
Badawy, W. M. (2021) · Menoufia Journal of Electronic Engineering Research · doi:10.21608/mjeer.2021.193089
Supportive Trypophobics: A Network Analysis of Trypophobia Communication (Preprint)Preprint
Meza, X. V., & Koyama, S. (2020) · doi:10.2196/preprints.20598
The Effect of Valence and Emotional Intensity on Online Social Support in Facebook
Al-Aziz, A. M. A. (2019) · مجلة کلیة الآداب جامعة الفیوم · doi:10.21608/jfafu.2019.94635
Li, X., Liu, M., Song, X., & Zhu, Q. (2025) · Aslib Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1108/ajim-06-2024-0455
Digital Pulse: Reimagining Motivations for Emotional Sharing in the Social Media Era
Wang, L., & Bono, S. (2026) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/17540739261459795
“These media affordances substantially expand SSE ’ s scope and visibility, enabling dialogue with broader and more diverse audiences and increasing exposure to heterogeneous perspectives and forms of social feedback (Burke & Develin, 2016; Choi & Taylor, 2024).”
Alloing, C., Marionneau, A., Pierre, J., & Richert, F. (2025) · Communication · doi:10.4000/15bo3
Murphy-Morgan, C. N., & Smith, L.-A. (2025) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.1177/02762366251384885
“Conversely, evidence suggests that Facebook has a way of cultivating a sense of solidarity and belonging around shared interests (Burke & Develin, 2016; Georgakopoulou, 2016).”
Jiang, G., Li, J., Ma, X., & Luo, Q. (2026) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) · doi:10.1145/3742413.3789094
“Needed this”: understanding hopecore content and engagement on Instagram
Typrin, R., & Gorichanaz, T. (2026) · Journal of Documentation · doi:10.1108/jd-12-2025-0383
Chapman, K., Smith, G., Klabacka, K., Bills, J. T., Bushman, A., Gabrielsen, T. P., Wiśniewski, P., & Page, X. (2026) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3816987
Paradoxical positivity and community engagement in online suicide discourse
Kelly, F., & Elledge, L. C. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2026.109024
Șurariu, C., Carnelley, K. B., & Hart, C. M. (2026) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2026.2732026
- Authors
- Burke, M., & Develin, M.
- Affiliations
- Meta (United Kingdom) (GB)
- ORCID
- Burke, Moira
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2016-02-27
- Pages
- 1462-1474
- OpenAlex
- W2291261743
- Cited by
- 89
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 7
- FWCI
- 19.12
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health via Writing
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining
- Keywords
- Facebook status updates, friendship networks, network density, emotional contagion, likes, self-worth, positive and negative emotions, social media
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
