The role of relaxation in systematic desensitization
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The only studies evaluating muscle tonus throughout exposure therapy used imaginal exposure, and in those PMR was associated with increased rather than reduced autonomic arousal.
“The only studies that have actually evaluated muscle tonus throughout exposure therapy utilized imaginal exposure. In those cases, PMR was associated with increased rather than reduced autonomic arousal (Borkovec & Sides, 1979; Levin & Gross, 1985).”
From Coping Skills and Exposure Therapy in Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia: Latest Advances and Future Directions (2012) · cites this paper as Levin & Gross, 1985
Cites
Principles of behavior modification
Bandura, A. (1969) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,631 · see citing works
Orne, M. T. (1962) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/h0043424 · Cited by 4,041 · see citing works
Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition
Wolpe, J. (1968) · Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science · doi:10.1007/bf03000093 · Cited by 3,389 · see citing works
Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition
Masserman, J. H. (1958) · Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1958.02340090135025 · Cited by 3,087 · see citing works
Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex.
Pavlov, P. I. (1930) · Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1930.02220110256018 · Cited by 2,681 · see citing works
Habituation: a dual-process theory.
Groves, P. M., & Thompson, R. F. (1970) · Psychology Review · doi:10.1037/h0029810 · Cited by 2,110 · see citing works
Conditioned Reflexes: an Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex
Denny-Brown, D. E. (1928) · Nature · doi:10.1038/121662a0 · Cited by 1,854 · see citing works
A Bio‐Informational Theory of Emotional Imagery
Lang, P. J. (1979) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01511.x · Cited by 1,750 · see citing works
Hilgard and Marquis' Conditioning and learning
Hilgard, E. R., MARQUIS, D. G., & Kimble, G. A. (1961) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,297 · see citing works
Behavior therapy: Appraisal and status.
Franks, C. M. (1969) · McGraw-Hill eBooks · Cited by 1,079 · see citing works
Imagery in therapy: an information processing analysis of fear
Lang, P. J. (1977) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(77)80157-3 · Cited by 792 · see citing works
A psychophysiological analysis of fear modification using an automated desensitization procedure
Lang, P. J., Melamed, B. G., & Hart, J. (1970) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0029875 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Emotional Imagery: Conceptual Structure and Pattern of Somato‐Visceral Response
Lang, P. J., Kozak, M. J., Miller, G. A., Levin, D. N., & McLean, A. (1980) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1980.tb00133.x · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Habituatory response decrement in the intact organism.
Harris, J. D. (1943) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0053918 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Physiological Measures, Sedative Drugs, and Morbid Anxiety
LADER, M. H., & Wing, L. (1966) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Systematic desensitization as a counterconditioning process.
Davison, G. C. (1968) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025501 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
A physiological model of phobic anxiety and desensitization
LADER, M. H., & Mathews, A. (1968) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(68)90021-1 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
INFORMATION THEORY AND STIMULUS‐INDEPENDENT THOUGHT
ANTROBUS, J. S. (1968) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1968.tb01157.x · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Physiological effects of relaxation training and hypnotic suggestion.
Paul, G. L. (1969) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0027746 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Some comments on therapy analogue research with small animal “phobias”
Bernstein, D. A., & Paul, G. L. (1971) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(71)90038-3 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Processes of fear reduction in systematic desensitization: animal studies.
Wilson, G., & Davison, G. C. (1971) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0031480 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Studies in desensitization—I: The separate effects of relaxation and desensitization
Rachman, S. (1965) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(65)90033-1 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Psychophysiological approaches to the investigation of desensitization and related procedures.
Mathews, A. (1971) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0031479 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Reduction of examination anxiety and ‘stage-fright’ by group desensitization and relaxation
Kondas, O. (1967) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(67)90019-8 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
(1975) · Wiley eBooks · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Borkovec, T. D., & Sides, J. K. (1979) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(79)90096-2 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Physiological changes accompanying the visualization of fearful and neutral situations.
Grossberg, J. M., & Wilson, H. K. (1968) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0026337 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The role of muscular relaxation in desensitization therapy
Rachman, S. (1968) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(68)90002-8 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Wolpin, M., & Raines, J. (1966) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(66)90040-4 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Habituation model of systematic desensitization.
Watts, F. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.627 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
An Experimental Investigation of Desensitization in Phobic Patients
Gillan, P., & Rachman, S. (1974) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.124.4.392 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
A brief commentary on the usefulness of studying fears of snakes.
Cooper, A., Furst, J. B., & Bridger, W. H. (1969) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0027819 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Borkovec, T. D. (1973) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(73)80001-2 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Habituation model of systematic desensitization.
Watts, F. (1979) · PubMed · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Psycho-physiological investigations of brief relaxation training
Mathews, A., & Gelder, M. (1969) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(69)90013-0 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Physiological Measures, Sedative Drugs, and Morbid Anxiety.
Zuckerman, M. (1966) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1966.01730180106015 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The role of relaxation in systematic desensitization
Lomont, J. F., & Edwards, J. E. (1967) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(67)90051-4 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
DESENSITIZATION OF PHOBIAS: SOME PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PROPOSITIONS
Egeren, L. F. V., Feather, B. W., & Hein, P. L. (1971) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00452.x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Paul, G. L. (1969) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(69)90004-7 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Comparison of desensitization and progressive relaxation in treating test anxiety.
Johnson, S. M., & SECHREST, L. B. (1968) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025922 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Psychophysiology of fear imagery: Differences between focal phobia and social performance anxiety.
Weerts, T. C., & Lang, P. J. (1978) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.46.5.1157 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Bauer, R. M., & Craighead, W. E. (1979) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(79)80027-1 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Evaluation of the efficacy of the components of reciprocal inhibition psychotherapy.
Cooke, G. (1968) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0026202 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The effects of instructional suggestion and physiological cues on analogue fear
Borkovec, T. D. (1973) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(73)80027-9 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The current status of systematic desensitization
McGlynn, F. D. (1981) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(81)90001-5 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
McLemore, C. W. (1972) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(72)90007-1 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Reciprocal inhibition or extinction?
Lomont, J. F. (1965) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(65)90029-x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Counterconditioning versus relaxation in the desensitization of test anxiety.
Laxer, R. M., & Walker, K. (1970) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0029876 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Waters, W. F., McDonald, D. G., & Koresko, R. L. (1972) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(72)90061-7 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Levis, D. J. (1970) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0029642 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Systematic desensitization and relaxation of high-test-anxious secondary school students.
Laxer, R. M., Quarter, J., Kooman, A., & Walker, K. (1969) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0028009 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Active muscular relaxation in desensitization of phobic patients
Benjamin, S., Marks, I. M., & Huson, J. (1972) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700045190 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Effects of systematic desensitization, programmed fantasy and bibliotherapy on a specific fear
Crowder, J. E., & Thornton, D. W. (1970) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(70)90032-x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The alleviation of test anxiety by systematic desensitization
Freeling, N. W., & Shemberg, K. M. (1970) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(70)90073-2 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The effect of relaxation on the galvanic skin response to repeated phobic stimuli in ascending order
Wolpe, J., & Flood, J. (1970) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(70)90002-9 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The role of visual imagery in desensitization
Davis, D., McLemore, C. W., & London, P. (1970) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(70)90028-8 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The role of relaxation in systematic desensitization
Sue, D. (1972) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(72)80009-3 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Psychophysiological aspects of systematic desensitization: Some outstanding issues
Egeren, L. F. V. (1971) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(71)90038-6 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Imaging vividness and the outcome of in vivo and imagined scene desensitization.
Dyckman, J. M., & Cowan, P. A. (1978) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.46.5.1155 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The role of mental relaxation in experimental desensitization
Marshall, W. L., Strawbridge, H., & Keltner, A. A. (1972) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(72)90058-7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Greenwood, M. M., & Benson, H. (1977) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(77)90065-1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Systematic desensitization, relaxation-training and suggestion in the treatment of test anxiety
Bedell, J. R. (1976) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(76)90008-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Note on the Terminological Confusion Surrounding Systematic Desensitization
Evans, I. M., & Wilson, T. (1968) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1968.22.1.187 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Galvanic skin response and reported anxiety during systematic desensitization.
Hyman, E. J., & Gale, E. N. (1973) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0034034 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
GRADED IMAGINATION AND RELAXATION AS COMPONENTS OF EXPERIMENTAL DESENSITIZATION
McGlynn, F. D. (1973) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-197306000-00002 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Systematic desensitization as counterconditioning: A retest with adequate controls
Nawas, M. M., Mealiea, W. L., & Fishman, S. T. (1971) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(71)80068-0 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Bates, H. D. (1970) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0028802 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Reciprocal inhibition and therapeutic change
Wolpe, J. (1981) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(81)90044-6 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The role of relaxation in systematic desensitization: Revisiting an unresolved issue
O’Brien, G. T., & Borkovec, T. D. (1977) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(77)90003-9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Physiological Measurement of Imagery: An Overview
Qualls, P. J. (1982) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.2190/0c3p-ahyr-lltr-f7bf · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Messer, S. B., & Meinster, M. O. (1980) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198001)36:1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Sensitivity to phobic imagery: A sensory decision theory analysis
Chapman, C. R., & Feather, B. W. (1971) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(71)90001-5 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The logical requirements for explanations of systematic desensitization
Evans, I. M. (1973) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(73)80002-4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Desensitization without hierarchical presentation and concomitant relaxation
Dawson, R. W., & McMurray, N. E. (1978) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049537808256366 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Rationale of systematic desensitization and covert positive reinforcement
Ladouceur, R. (1978) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(78)90012-8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Components of Desensitization in Modification of Fear among Genuinely Fearful Subjects
Glynn, F. D. M., & McClaren, H. A. (1975) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1975.37.3.959 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
McGlynn, F. D., Solomon, G. S., & Barrios, B. A. (1979) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(197907)35:3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
McGlynn, F. D., Bichajian, C., Giesen, J. M., Rullan, C. M., & Pulver, L. C. (1981) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1981.49.2.351 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Fear-induced attitude change as a function of conformity and drinking pattern in alcoholics.
Brown, R. A. (1979) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(197904)35:2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationImaginal response events in systematic desensitization: A pilot study
Glenn, S. S., & Hughes, H. (1978) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/0301-0511(78)90062-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Role of inhibition in exposure therapy
Craske, M. G., Liao, B., Brown, L., & Vervliet, B. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.026511 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Hypnosis compared with group therapy and individual desensitization for dental anxiety
Moore, R., Abrahamsen, R., & Brodsgaard, I. (1996) · European Journal of Oral Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0722.1996.tb00150.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Meuret, A. E., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Twohig, M. P., & Craske, M. G. (2012) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.08.002 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Dental fear treatment: comparison of a video training procedure and clinical rehearsals
Moore, R. (1991) · European Journal Of Oral Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0722.1991.tb01889.x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Assessment of dental fear: A comparison of two psychometric instruments
Johansson, P., & Berggren, U. (1992) · Acta Odontologica Scandinavica · doi:10.3109/00016359209012745 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Moore, R., Brødsgaard, I., & Abrahamsen, R. (2002) · European Journal of Oral Sciences · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0722.2002.21234.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Tackling fear: Beyond associative memory activation as the only determinant of fear responding
Boddez, Y., Moors, A., Mertens, G., & Houwer, J. D. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.009 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Group therapy compared with individual desensitization for dental anxiety
Moore, R., & Brødsgaard, I. (1994) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0528.1994.tb01812.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Newman, M. G., Zainal, N. H., & Hoyer, J. (2020) · Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Worrying · doi:10.1002/9781119189909.ch10 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Disaster and Terrorism: Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions
Walser, R. D., Ruzek, J. I., Naugle, A. E., Padesky, C. A., Ronell, D. M., & Ruggiero, K. (2004) · Prehospital and Disaster Medicine · doi:10.1017/s1049023x00001485 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Coping with test stress: Microcomputer software for treatment of test anxiety
Wilson, F. R., Omeltschenko, L., & Yager, G. G. (1991) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(91)90008-s · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Desensitisation of Childhood Fears and Phobias: Psychophysiological Analyses
King, N. J., Ollendick, T. H., & Gullone, E. (1990) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/s0813483900007245 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Dietary restraint anxiety and its relationship to human eating behavior
Pitre, A. J., & Nicki, R. M. (1992) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(92)90004-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Techniki pracy z zaburzeniem obsesyjno-kompulsyjnym w terapii poznawczo-behawioralnej
Młynarczyk, M. (2018) · Acta Universitatis Lodziensis Folia Psychologica · doi:10.18778/1427-969x.22.03 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Dentist / Patient Relationship: The Role of Dental Anxiety
Liu, M. (2011) · Scholarship @ Claremont (The Claremont Colleges) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Conceptual Framework for Clinical Decision Making in Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Deutsch, J. E., & Anderson, E. Z. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-072160111-3.50008-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Orlemans, J. W. G. (1994) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-313-9239-1_4
- Authors
- Levin, R. B., & Gross, A. M.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- ORCID
- Gross, Alan M.
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1985
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 187-196
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2094576682
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2020: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- systematic desensitization, relaxation, phobia, anxiety disorders, relaxation techniques, psychotherapy, theoretical explanation
- MeSH terms
- Arousal, Behavior Therapy, Desensitization, Psychologic, Humans, Phobic Disorders, Relaxation Therapy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review