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Ontogeny of the vasopressinergic neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus and their extrahypothalamic projections in the rat brain–presence of a sex difference in the lateral septum
Open accessAbstract
Immunocytochemical studies have revealed the presence of extensive vasopressinergic projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the limbic system and other brain areas. Vibratome sections and the unlabeled antibody enzyme method were used to investigate the ontogeny of the vasopressinergic neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus and their exohypothalamic fibers in the rat brain. The first immunopositive neurons of this nucleus were revealed on the 2nd postnatal day. An adult appearance of the suprachiasmatic nucleus was detected on day 14. Although fibers appeared on the periventricular nucleus already on the 7th postnatal day, such fibers were visible in the lateral septum and lateral habenular nucleus only on day 10. From the 12th postnatal day onwards a marked sex difference developed with respect to the density of the vasopressin fibers in the lateral septum and, to a lesser extent, in the lateral habenular nucleus. In male rats the fiber density was higher in both areas. This sex difference persisted in adulthood.
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TL;DR
Using immunocytochemistry on vibratome sections, this study traced the postnatal development of vasopressinergic (AVP) neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and their extrahypothalamic projections, finding the first AVP-positive SCN cells on postnatal day 2 and an adult-like nucleus by day 14. From postnatal day 12 onward a marked sex difference emerged, with male rats showing denser AVP fiber networks in the lateral septum and, less strikingly, the lateral habenular nucleus, persisting into adulthood.
Key findings
- No AVP-positive cells were seen in the SCN on postnatal day 1; a few were detected in 1 of 3 two-day-old rats, in 6 of 8 rats on day 3, and in all animals from days 4–6. An adult appearance of the SCN was reached on day 14.
- Fibers appeared in the periventricular nucleus by day 7, but were visible in the lateral septum and lateral habenular nucleus only on day 10.
- From day 12 onward a sex difference developed in the density of AVP fibers in the lateral septum: in males density increased dramatically from day 12 to 17, whereas no such change occurred in females. In 55-day-old females the fiber number was still moderate, comparable to that of 12–14-day-old males; the difference persisted in adulthood but was less striking than between days 17 and 35.
- A similar but weaker sex difference was seen in the lateral habenular nucleus (adult-like appearance in males by day 14, females by day 17), with considerable overlap between the sexes. No sex difference was noted in the SCN or periventricular nucleus.
Methods
- Infant Wistar rats of either sex: first series studied on days 1–8, 10, 12, 14, 17 and 21 (3 rats per age group); second series sacrificed on days 3, 10, 12, 14, 17, 21, 27, 35 and 55 (2–6 rats of each sex per age group). Adults were 3 male and 3 female rats weighing 230–250 g.
- Brains were perfused with glutaraldehyde/paraformaldehyde, sectioned with a vibratome, and stained for AVP using the unlabeled antibody enzyme (PAP) method; antibody specificity was tested by immunofluorescence and adsorption controls, including Brattleboro rats.
- Fiber density in the lateral septum and lateral habenular nucleus was estimated semi-quantitatively in a blind study using 4 categories (+, ++, +++, ++++).
Limitations
- The paper states that its procedure "was not suited to a quantitative approach," so a sex difference in the number of AVP-containing cells cannot be excluded; it also notes that how the observed sex differences relate to functional differences remains speculative.
- Evident from the text: fiber density was scored only semi-quantitatively on an ordinal scale, group sizes were small (2–6 rats per sex per age), and large individual variation was noted, particularly in the lateral habenular nucleus where overlap between sexes was considerable.
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Claims the paper makes
29 Own result · 9 Own interpretation · 5 No full text of the sources · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this difference was not as striking as between days 17 and 35.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The stage of the estrous cycle does not affect the density of AVP-containing fibers in the lateral septum of female rats.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first immunopositive neurons of this nucleus were revealed on the 2nd postnatal day.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · p. 8 · plain
“In the present study the first AVP-containing cells in the SCN were found on the 2nd postnatal day”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · p. 8 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the 10th postnatal day the first AVP-containing fibers were visible in this area”
- Also stated in: § SUMMARY · p. 2 · plain
“such fibers were visible in the lateral septum and lateral habenular nucleus only on day 10.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § SUMMARY · p. 2 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As soon as fibers were visible in the lateral habenular nucleus and the lateral septum, branching of fibers and punctate perineuronal structures could also be detected.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In male and female rats generally only very few AVP-containing fibers were found in the lateral septum on days 10 and 12.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“An adult appearance of the suprachiasmatic nucleus was detected on day 14.”
- Also stated in: § Suprachiasmatic nucleus · p. 6 · plain
“From the 14th postnatal day onwards the appearance of the SCN was similar to that of the adults”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Also stated in: § Suprachiasmatic nucleus · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although fibers appeared in the periventricular nucleus already on the 7th postnatal day”
- Also stated in: § Extrahypothalamic areas · p. 6 · plain
“Very few fibers were visible in the periventricular nucleus, medioventral to the lateral habenular nucleus on the 7th and 8th days”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Also stated in: § Extrahypothalamic areas · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No sex differences were found in this brain region.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“The density of fibers was only clearly larger in the adult male rats in which a very dense network of fibers could be demonstrated”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · p. 9 · plain
“Adult male rat, noted as + + + +. The fibers form a very dense network.”
boostedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The stage of the estrous cycle does not affect the density of AVP-containing fibers in the lateral septum of female rats.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · p. 9 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The variation in the fiber density within the groups was larger in this area throughout development than in the lateral septum.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“From the 12th postnatal day onwards a marked sex difference developed with respect to the density of the vasopressin fibers in the lateral septum”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · p. 9 · plain
“An unexpected finding in the present study was that the density of AVPcontaining fibers in the lateral septum and, to a lesser extent, in the lateral habenular nucleus was higher in male rats than in female rats from the 12th day onwards.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The stage of the estrous cycle does not affect the density of AVP-containing fibers in the lateral septum of female rats.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · p. 9 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the area of the SCN no cells were seen which stained positively for AVP on the first postnatal day.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In one out of three 2-day-old rats a few immunopositive cells could be detected”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“This sex difference persisted inadulthood.”
- Also stated in: § Extrahypothalamic areas · p. 6 · plain
“Although the sex difference in the density of the fiber network persisted in adulthood”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The stage of the estrous cycle does not affect the density of AVP-containing fibers in the lateral septum of female rats.
- Also stated in: § Extrahypothalamic areas · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“AVP-containing fibers were visible in the lateral septum only on the 10th postnatal day.”
- Also stated in: § SUMMARY · p. 2 · plain
“such fibers were visible in the lateral septum and lateral habenular nucleus only on day 10.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § SUMMARY · p. 2 · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The appearance of AVP in the SCN coincides with the onset of the innervation of this structure.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The presence of AVP-containing fibers and synapses in limbic brain structures8,9 seems to form the morphological basis for the observed effects of AVP on avoidance behavior6.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Buijs, 1978, Intra- and extrahypothalamic vasopressin and oxytocin pathways in the rat; pathways to the limbic system, medulla oblongata and spinal cord, Cell Tiss. Res. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Buijs, 1979, Immunoelectron microscopical demonstration of vasopressin and oxytocin synapses in the limbic system of the rat, Cell Tiss. Res. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Bohus, 1978, Opposite effects of oxytocin and vasopressin on avoidance behavior and hippocampal theta rhythms in the rat, Neuropharmacology source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Since AVP-containing fibers are spread over the entire area of the SCN and the terminals of the retina form axodendritic synapses in this nucleus21, a direct innervation of the AVP-containing cells by the retinohypothalamic tract is certainly possible.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Güldner, 1978, Synapses of optic nerve afferents in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. I. Identification, qualitative description, development and distribution, Cell Tiss. Res. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests that there is a delay of more than a week before AVP synthesis starts in detectable amounts.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The AVP-containing fibers in the lateral septum might also participate in this regulation by influencing indirectly the release of AVP in the neurohypophysis.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Immunocytochemical studies have revealed the presence of extensive vasopressinergic projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the limbic system and other brain areas.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Buijs, 1978, Intra- and extrahypothalamic vasopressin and oxytocin pathways in the rat; pathways to the limbic system, medulla oblongata and spinal cord, Cell Tiss. Res. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Sofroniew, 1978, Projections from the parvocellular vasopressin and neurophysin-containing neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, Amer. J. Anat. source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The earlier demonstration of AVP in the SCN reported in this study can probably be attributed to the use of vibratome sections instead of sections derived from paraffin embedded tissue”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Buijs et al.11 Buijs, 1980, Ontogeny of vasopressin and oxytocin in the fetal rat, early vasopressinergic innervation of the fetal brain, Peptides source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 15
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- Probably not a substantial claim. 7
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The immunopositive cells were scattered over the entire SCN but the highest concentration was found at the medial and mediodorsal border of the SCN.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In male rats the fiber density was higher in both areas.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · p. 9 · plain
“higher in male rats than in female rats from the 12th day onwards.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The stage of the estrous cycle does not affect the density of AVP-containing fibers in the lateral septum of female rats.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · p. 9 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No sex difference was noted in the development of the AVP-containing cells and in the density of fibers in the immediate vicinity of the SCN.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On postnatal day 3, in 6 out of 8 rats and from the 4th to 6th day in all animals, immunopositive cells were visible in the SCN, revealing only very few or no fibers.”
plainn = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although generally female rats showed a smaller density of fibers in the lateral habenular nucleus than male rats of the same age, the overlap was considerable.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“AVP-containing fibers and cells were spread all over the SCN area on the 7th and 8th days (Fig. 2), while only very few fibers left the SCN running into rostral or dorsorostral directions.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while in the adult female rats the fibers had formed a network”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · p. 10 · plain
“Female rat. The fibers form a network (arrows), but not as dense as in the male rat.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The stage of the estrous cycle does not affect the density of AVP-containing fibers in the lateral septum of female rats.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · p. 10 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the 10th day the number of cells and the density of fibers fanning out the SCN were dramatically increased”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Numerous fine caliber fibers were homogeneously distributed over the SCN while vast projections fanned out in rostral, rostrodorsal and dorsocaudal directions.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while a practically adult appearance was found in male rats on the 14th day and in female rats on the 17th day.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and, to a lesser extent, in the lateral habenular nucleus.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While in male rats the fiber density increased dramatically from the 12th to 17th day, no such change was seen in female rats”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The stage of the estrous cycle does not affect the density of AVP-containing fibers in the lateral septum of female rats.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some more fibers, already forming a network, were visible in 3 out of 6 male rats of day 14 (Fig. 5) and in all male rats of days 17, 21, 27, 35 and 55 (Fig. 7).”
plainn = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only on the 55th day was a discernibly larger, but still moderate number of fibers found, comparable to the number of fibers in the lateral septum of male rats of 12–14 days of age”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The AVPcontaining SCN fibers might thus be associated with the regulation of certain circadian rhythms.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The AVP-containing fibers of the SCN projecting to the lateral septum might influence neurohypophyseal function via these pathways.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“AVP fibers in the lateral septum might, in addition, play a role in the physiology of temperature regulation.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another function of AVP fibers of the SCN might be an involvement in the regulation of water balance.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“nucleus was estimated in a semi-quantitative manner in a blind study distinguishing 4 categories: +, very few fibers; + +, a moderate number of fibers; + + +, fibers form a network; +++ +, fibers form a very dense network”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This is consistent with the higher levels of serotonin in the female brain, a sex difference which is only measureable from the 12th postnatal day2⁵, on which day the sex difference in the density of AVP fibers in our study also became noticeable.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] Ladosky, 1970, Brain serotonin and sexual differentiation of the nervous system, Neuroendocrinology source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The stage of the estrous cycle does not affect the density of AVP-containing fibers in the lateral septum of female rats.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The formation of the synaptic contacts might thus trigger AVPsynthesis.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the procedure used in this study was not suited to a quantitative approach and for this reason a sex difference in the number of AVP-containing cells can certainly not be excluded.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“serotonin fibers might balance out the paucity of AVP fibers in female rats.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The stage of the estrous cycle does not affect the density of AVP-containing fibers in the lateral septum of female rats.
The paper relies on this without support.
The stage of the estrous cycle does not affect the density of AVP-containing fibers in the lateral septum of female rats.
“The stages of the estrous cycle of the female rats were proestrus, estrus and metestrus.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For example, males have more AVP-expressing cells in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial amygdala and denser AVP-axonal projections to limbic brain regions, especially to the lateral septum (De Vries et al., 1981; Van Leeuwen et al., 1985; Szot and Dorsa, 1993).”
From Sex-specific modulation of juvenile social play behavior by vasopressin and oxytocin depends on social context (2014) · cites this paper as De Vries et al., 1981
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For example, compared to females, males have more AVP-expressing cells in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and medial amygdala (MeA) and denser AVP-axonal projections to limbic brain regions, especially to the lateral septum (LS) (De Vries et al 1981; van Leeuwen et al., 1985; Szot & Dorsa, 1993).”
From Sex-specific modulation of juvenile social play by vasopressin (2013) · cites this paper as De Vries et al 1981
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Likewise sex differences in AVP immunostaining in the lateral septum are similarly extreme at this age (De Vries et al., 1981).”
From Sexually dimorphic role for vasopressin in the development of social play (2014) · cites this paper as De Vries et al., 1981
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This sex difference is found in many mammalian species (De Vries & Panzica, 2006) and already exists in juveniles (De Vries et al., 1981).”
From Sex-specific modulation of juvenile social play by vasopressin (2013) · cites this paper as De Vries et al., 1981
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“To test the hypothesis that the sexually dimorphic effects of ICV injections of V1aR blockade were mediated by the sexually dimorphic projections of the BST and MeA, we specifically targeted the LS, which shows denser AVP fibers in males than in females (De Vries et al., 1981) and abundant expression of V1aR in male and female juvenile rats (Veenema et al., 2012).”
From Sex-specific modulation of juvenile social play by vasopressin (2013) · cites this paper as De Vries et al., 1981
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In rats, males have more AVP-expressing neurons in the BNST and MeA (Szot & Dorsa, 1993; van Leeuwen, Caffe, & De Vries, 1985) and have a higher density of AVP-immunoreactive (AVP-ir) fibers in the lateral septum (LS) and lateral habenular nucleus (De Vries, Buijs, & Swaab, 1981) compared to females.”
From Quantitative mapping reveals age and sex differences in vasopressin, but not oxytocin, immunoreactivity in the rat social behavior neural network (2017) · cites this paper as De Vries et al., 1981
Citations
Cites
A retinohypothalamic projection in the rat
Moore, R. Y., & Lenn, N. J. (1972) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901460102 · Cited by 1,263
Evidence for a morphological sex difference within the medial preoptic area of the rat brain
Gorski, R. A., Gordon, J. H., Shryne, J. E., & Southam, A. M. (1978) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90723-0 · Cited by 1,230
Intra- and extrahypothalamic vasopressin and oxytocin pathways in the rat
Buijs, R. M., Swaab, D. F., Dogterom, J., & van Leeuwen, F. W. (1978) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00224932 · Cited by 1,029
Self-citationIntra- and extrahypothalamic vasopressin and oxytocin pathways in the rat
Buijs, R. M. (1978) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00212323 · Cited by 830
Streefkerk, J. G. (1972) · Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry · doi:10.1177/20.10.829 · Cited by 363
Kovács, G. L., Bohus, B., Versteeg, D. H. G., de Kloet, E. R., & de Wied, D. (1979) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(79)91009-6 · Cited by 340
Immunofluorescence of vasopressin and oxytocin in the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system
Swaab, D. F., Pool, C. W., & Nijveldt, F. (1975) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/bf01253126 · Cited by 323
Self-citationBrody, M. J., Mj, B., & Ak, J. (1980) · Cited by 317
Sofroniew, M. V., & Weindl, A. (1978) · American Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1002/aja.1001530305 · Cited by 312
Buijs, R. M., & Swaab, D. F. (1979) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00233648 · Cited by 262
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Boer, 1980, Neuropeptides in brain development, Vol. 54
- Moore, 1978, Central neural control of circadian rhythms, Front. Neuroendocr., 5, 185
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Goodson, J. L., & Bass, A. H. (2001) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(01)00043-1 · Cited by 646
Arnold, A. P. (2009) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.03.011 · Cited by 625
“Their idea was confirmed by the discovery of morphological sex differences in the brain, beginning in the 1970s (Raisman and Field, 1973; Nottebohm and Arnold, 1976; Gorski et al., 1978; Breedlove and Arnold, 1980; De Vries et al., 1981; Arnold and Gorski, 1984; Simerly et al., 1985).”
Dumais, K. M., & Veenema, A. H. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.04.003 · Cited by 520
“De Vries et al. (1981) were the first to discover the sexually dimorphic nature of VP in the rat brain, and reported that there were more VPimmunoreactive fibers in the lateral septum (LS) and lateral habenular nucleus in males compared to females (De Vries et al., 1981).”
Backgroundde Vries, G. J., & Buijs, R. M. (1983) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(83)90855-7 · Cited by 524
The vasopressinergic innervation of the brain in normal and castrated rats
DeVries, G. J., Buijs, R. M., van Leeuwen, F. W., Caffé, A. R., & Swaab, D. F. (1985) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902330206 · Cited by 522
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- De Vries, G. J., Buds, R. M., & Swaab, D. F.
- ORCID
- Swaab, Dick F.
- Venue
- Brain Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1981-08
- Volume
- 218
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 67-78
- ISSN
- 0006-8993 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2002833231
- Semantic Scholar
- f6169fc782bda126e0ab5cb93b47a550a41455e3
- Cited by
- 319
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 21.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Brain Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KNAW research portal (Royal Academy of Art and Sciences (KNAW)) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- KNAW Research Portal (The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- vasopressin, suprachiasmatic nucleus, ontogeny, sex differences, lateral septum, lateral habenula, limbic system, postnatal development, rat brain
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Female, Hypothalamus, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Male, Neurons, Sex Characteristics, Vasopressins, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-12, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-12 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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