The origin of the vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic innervation of the rat brain with special reference to the lateral septum
Open accessAbstract
The origin of the vasopressin-containing fibers in the rat lateral septum was studied by means of lesioning specific areas, in which vasopressin-containing cells are found, or by surgically separating the septum from the underlying structures. Following these procedures sections of the brain were stained immunocytochemically for the presence of vasopressin. In addition, retrograde labeling tracers were injected in the lateral septum. Lesioning of the paraventricular nucleus did not result in the disappearance of vasopressin fibers from the lateral septum, nor from the various other areas studied. It did, however, cause the disappearance of fibers from the nucleus of the solitary tract and the nucleus ambiguus. By contrast, after the same lesion practically the whole oxytocinergic innervation of the brain disappeared. Injection of tracers into the lateral septum revealed retrograde labeled cells, e.g. in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, but not in the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus. Horizontal cuts under the lateral septum, intersecting the diagonal band of Broca, resulted in a dramatic decrease of the vasopressin fibers in the lateral septum, suggesting that the fibers enter the septum via this structure. Moreover, since the vasopressin fiber density was found to decrease drastically in the lateral septum after lesioning the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the vasopressin cells found in this area are probably the source of these fibers. Other areas where fibers were seen to decrease after lesions of the bed nucleus are the diagonal band of Broca, the area of the anterior amygdala, the lateral habenular nucleus, the periventricular gray, and the locus coeruleus.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Using lesions and retrograde tracing in rats, this study shows that the vasopressin (VP) fibers innervating the lateral septum arise from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), not from the paraventricular (PVN), supraoptic (SON) or suprachiasmatic nuclei. In contrast, the brain's oxytocinergic innervation appears to derive predominantly from the PVN.
Key findings
- Unilateral horizontal knife cuts separating the septum from underlying structures drastically reduced VP fiber density in the lateral septum only when the cut extended far enough rostrally to intersect the diagonal band of Broca; more caudal cuts produced only slight reduction. Intersected fibers appeared swollen, suggesting accumulation proximal to transection.
- Unilateral BNST lesions (diameter ~2.5 mm) clearly reduced VP fiber density ipsilaterally in the diagonal band of Broca, lateral septum, lateral habenular nucleus, area of the anterior amygdala, periventricular gray and locus coeruleus; no diminution was noted in other areas studied (Table I).
- Small PVN lesions (~1.5 mm) decreased VP fibers only in the nucleus of the solitary tract and nucleus ambiguus. Large PVN lesions (~2.5 mm) additionally eliminated VP staining in the periventricular and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei, and caused almost complete disappearance of the brain's oxytocinergic innervation — but did not remove VP fibers from the lateral septum.
- Retrograde tracer injections into the VP-dense part of the lateral septum labeled cells in the BNST (and lateral hypothalamic area, just lateral to PVN, and dorsal to SON) but not in the SCN, PVN or SON.
Methods
- Retrograde labeling: 37 male Wistar rats (250–300 g) received injections into the lateral septum of HRP (stereotactic or iontophoretic), WGA-HRP, True Blue or Granular Blue; sections processed with diaminobenzidine or tetramethylbenzidine methods or viewed by fluorescence microscopy.
- Lesion studies: male Wistar rats (160–190 g) received radiofrequency lesions of the PVN (5 small at 50 °C, 5 large at 60 °C) or unilateral BNST lesions (6 rats at 65 °C), or Halász-knife horizontal cuts separating the septum unilaterally from underlying structures (6 rats). After 2.5–3 weeks, 100 μm vibratome sections were stained immunocytochemically for VP or oxytocin and fiber density compared with untreated controls.
- Hippocampal and ventral tegmental labeling served as positive controls for retrograde tracing efficacy.
Limitations
- The authors state they cannot exclude that VP fibers in the lateral septum originate outside the BNST and merely pass through it; they note this requires combining immunocytochemistry with retrograde tracing.
- The origin of VP fibers in the dorsal raphe nucleus, medial amygdala, hippocampus and ventral tegmental area remained obscure, as no lesion reduced fibers in these areas.
- Bilateral BNST lesions were not performed because bilaterally lesioned rats failed to survive surgery; residual fibers after unilateral lesions could reflect contralateral crossover or additional sources (stated by the authors).
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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- Findingown data§ G. J. DE VRIES and R. M. BUIJS · p. 2
Injection of tracers into the lateral septum labeled cells in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.
“Injection of tracers into the lateral septum revealed retrograde labeled cells, e.g. in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, but not in the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus.”
- Also stated in: § Retrograde tracing studies · p. 6 · plain
“Some labeled cells were also found in the ventral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (Fig. 2B).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Retrograde tracing studies · p. 6 · plain
- Findingown data§ Effect of different lesions on vasopressin fiber density in termination area · p. 7
Unilateral lesions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis resulted in a clear decline in vasopressin fiber density within the ipsilateral diagonal band of Broca, lateral habenular nucleus, area of the anterior amygdala, periventricular gray, and locus coeruleus.
“The lesioned area had a diameter of about 2.5 mm (Fig. 7) and resulted in a clear decline in VP fiber density within the ipsilateral diagonal band of Broca, the lateral septum, the lateral habenular nucleus, the area of the anterior amygdala, the periventricular gray and the locus coeruleus (Figs. 8, 9, 10A and B).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ G. J. DE VRIES and R. M. BUIJS · p. 2
Lesioning the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis drastically decreased vasopressin fiber density in the lateral septum.
“since the vasopressin fiber density was found to decrease drastically in the lateral septum after lesioning the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the vasopressin cells found in this area are probably the source of these fibers.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · p. 9 · plain
“after unilateral lesioning of this structure VP fiber density was drastically reduced in the lateral septum as well as in various other areas.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · p. 9 · plain
- Findingown data§ DISCUSSION · p. 9
Lesioning the paraventricular nucleus did not impair vasopressin fiber density in the lateral septum.
“Although lesioning the PVN did result in the disappearance of VP fibers in the nucleus of the solitary tract and the nucleus ambiguus, it did not impair the VP fiber density in the lateral septum.”
- Also stated in: § G. J. DE VRIES and R. M. BUIJS · p. 2 · plain
“Lesioning of the paraventricular nucleus did not result in the disappearance of vasopressin fibers from the lateral septum, nor from the various other areas studied.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § G. J. DE VRIES and R. M. BUIJS · p. 2 · plain
- Findingown data§ G. J. DE VRIES and R. M. BUIJS · p. 2
Horizontal cuts under the lateral septum that intersected the diagonal band of Broca caused a dramatic decrease of vasopressin fibers in the lateral septum.
“Horizontal cuts under the lateral septum, intersecting the diagonal band of Broca, resulted in a dramatic decrease of the vasopressin fibers in the lateral septum, suggesting that the fibers enter the septum via this structure.”
- Also stated in: § Effect of different lesions on vasopressin fiber density in termination area · p. 7 · plain
“In those rats where the lesion extended far enough rostral to intersect the diagonal band of Broca a pronounced unilateral loss of VP fibers was seen within the lateral septum (Figs. 6A and C).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Effect of different lesions on vasopressin fiber density in termination area · p. 7 · plain
- Findingown data§ Effect of different lesions on vasopressin fiber density in termination area · p. 7
Large paraventricular nucleus lesions resulted in an almost complete disappearance of the oxytocinergic innervation of the brain.
“The same lesion resulted in an almost complete disappearance of the oxytocinergic innervation of the brain (Figs. 4A and B).”
- Also stated in: § G. J. DE VRIES and R. M. BUIJS · p. 2 · plain
“after the same lesion practically the whole oxytocinergic innervation of the brain disappeared.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § G. J. DE VRIES and R. M. BUIJS · p. 2 · plain
- Findingown data§ Effect of different lesions on vasopressin fiber density in termination area · p. 7
Ventral to the knife cut, intersected vasopressin fibers were swollen as if vasopressin was accumulating proximal to the transection.
“Ventral to the cut, the intersected VP fibers were seen to be swollen as if VP was accumulating proximal to the transection.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ DISCUSSION · p. 9
After paraventricular nucleus lesions, vasopressin fiber density remained unaffected in most other areas of the brain.
“Since the VP fiber density remained unaffected in most other areas of the brain, the PVN and its accessory cell groups do not contribute for a major part to the VP innervation of the brain.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Lesion studies · p. 6
Small paraventricular nucleus lesions caused vasopressin fibers to decrease only in the nucleus of the solitary tract and the nucleus ambiguus.
“After this lesion, VP fibers were seen to decrease only in the nucleus of the solitary tract and the nucleus ambiguus.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ DISCUSSION · p. 11
The origin of vasopressin fibers within the dorsal raphe nucleus, the nucleus of the medial amygdala, the hippocampus, and the ventral tegmental area remains obscure because in none of the lesion experiments were vasopressin fibers seen to decrease in these areas.
“Although the present study has clarified the sites of origin of VP fibers in many areas, the origin of VP fibers within the dorsal raphe nucleus, the nucleus of the medial amygdala, the hippocampus and the ventral tegmental area is still quite obscure, because in none of the lesion experiments mentioned were VP fibers seen to decrease in these areas.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ DISCUSSION · p. 9
The majority of vasopressin fibers enter the lateral septum via the diagonal band of Broca.
“As this reduction of VP fibers was substantial only when the diagonal band of Broca was intersected, the majority of the fibers seems to enter the septum via this route, the site of origin probably being the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ DISCUSSION · p. 9
Projections from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis to all areas where vasopressin fibers decreased, including the lateral septum, lateral habenular nucleus, and locus coeruleus, have been demonstrated.
“Still another argument in favor of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is the demonstration of projections from this nucleus to all areas where VP fibers were seen to decrease, including the lateral septum, the lateral habenular nucleus and the locus coeruleus6.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Conrad and Pfaff, 1976
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ DISCUSSION · p. 7
Injection of tritiated amino acids into the supraoptic nucleus followed by autoradiography demonstrated only fibers running to the median eminence and the neurohypophysis.
“Injection of tritiated amino acids into the SON followed by autoradiography has demonstrated only fibers running to the median eminence and the neurohypophysis26”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Troiano and Siegel, 1975 source
- Interpretationreasoning§ DISCUSSION · p. 11
The present findings indicate that both cell bodies and terminal fields of the vasopressin system in the brain are far more diverse than those of the oxytocin system.
“The present findings, which indicate that both cell bodies and terminal fields of the VP system in the brain are far more diverse than those of the oxytocin system, have far-reaching implications for the functioning of the vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic innervation of the central nervous system.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ DISCUSSION · p. 11
The oxytocinergic fibers in the brain are derived predominantly from the paraventricular nucleus.
“In sharp contrast to the vasopressinergic innervation of the brain, which clearly has multiple sites of origin, the oxytocinergic fibers seem to be derived predominantly from the PVN.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ G. J. DE VRIES and R. M. BUIJS · p. 2
The vasopressin cells in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis are probably the source of the vasopressin fibers in the lateral septum.
“since the vasopressin fiber density was found to decrease drastically in the lateral septum after lesioning the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the vasopressin cells found in this area are probably the source of these fibers.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · p. 9 · hedged
“the site of origin probably being the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · p. 9 · hedged
- Premisecitation§ REFERENCES · p. 11
Individual cells in the paraventricular nucleus send collaterals to different areas known to contain oxytocin fibers.
“Furthermore, individual cells in the PVN send collaterals to different areas known to contain oxytocin fibers25.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Swanson and Kuypers, 1980 source
- Premisecitation§ INTRODUCTION · p. 2
Lesion studies involving the suprachiasmatic nucleus revealed that this nucleus did not contribute to the vasopressin innervation of the lateral septum.
“Since lesion studies involving the SCN have revealed that this nucleus did not contribute to the VP innervation of the lateral septum10, the PVN was lesioned in the present study.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hoorneman and Buijs, 1982 source
- Premisecitation§ DISCUSSION · p. 7
Combined retrograde tracing and immunocytochemistry showed that part of the projection from the paraventricular nucleus to the nucleus of the solitary tract contains vasopressin and oxytocin.
“When this technique was combined with immunocytochemistry, part of this projection from the PVN was indeed found to contain VP and oxytocin19,21.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationown data§ DISCUSSION · p. 9
The disappearance of vasopressin and oxytocin fibers from the nucleus of the solitary tract following lesioning of the area of the paraventricular nucleus confirms the results of retrograde tracing studies.
“The disappearance of VP and oxytocin fibers from the nucleus of the solitary tract following lesioning of the area of the PVN confirms the results of the retrograde tracing studies mentioned before19,21.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation§ DISCUSSION · p. 7
Retrograde tracer injection into the nucleus of the solitary tract labeled cells in the paraventricular nucleus but not in the supraoptic nucleus.
“This resulted in the labeling of cells in the PVN but not in the SON18,20.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Ross et al., 1981 source
- cites Schober, 1978
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation§ DISCUSSION · p. 7
The supraoptic nucleus is not a likely candidate for being the site of origin of vasopressin fibers within the lateral septum or within any other part of the brain.
“In contrast to the PVN, however, the SON does not seem to be a likely candidate for being the site of origin of VP fibers within the lateral septum or within any other part of the brain.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ DISCUSSION · p. 9
The paraventricular nucleus and its accessory cell groups do not contribute for a major part to the vasopressin innervation of the brain.
“Since the VP fiber density remained unaffected in most other areas of the brain, the PVN and its accessory cell groups do not contribute for a major part to the VP innervation of the brain.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ DISCUSSION · p. 11
The vasopressinergic innervation of the brain has multiple sites of origin.
“In sharp contrast to the vasopressinergic innervation of the brain, which clearly has multiple sites of origin, the oxytocinergic fibers seem to be derived predominantly from the PVN.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 7
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 2
May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Retrograde tracing studies · p. 6Injection of tracers into the lateral septum did not label cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, or supraoptic nucleus.
“In none of the experiments were labeled cells found in the SCN, PVN or SON (Fig. 2A).”
- Also stated in: § G. J. DE VRIES and R. M. BUIJS · p. 2 · plain
“Injection of tracers into the lateral septum revealed retrograde labeled cells, e.g. in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, but not in the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § G. J. DE VRIES and R. M. BUIJS · p. 2 · plain
May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Effect of different lesions on vasopressin fiber density in termination area · p. 7Large paraventricular nucleus lesions caused a dramatic decrease in vasopressin fibers in the nucleus of the solitary tract and nucleus ambiguus, and disappearance of fiber staining in the periventricular and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei.
“in VP fibers within the nucleus of the solitary tract and the nucleus ambiguus, and in the disappearance of the fiber staining in the periventricular (Figs. 5A and B) and the dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Retrograde tracing studies · p. 6After tracer injection into the lateral septum, labeled cells were found just lateral to the paraventricular nucleus lining the fornix, many in the lateral hypothalamic area just dorsal to the supraoptic nucleus, and some in the ventral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.
“At the level of the PVN cells were found just lateral to the PVN, lining the fornix. Many labeled cells were present in the lateral hypothalamic area, just dorsal to the SON. Some labeled cells were also found in the ventral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (Fig. 2B).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown data§ Effect of different lesions on vasopressin fiber density in termination area · p. 7In rats with more caudally situated knife cuts that did not intersect the diagonal band of Broca, only a slight reduction in vasopressin fiber density was seen in the lateral septum.
“In rats with more caudally situated knife cuts, only a slight reduction was seen in the VP fiber density (Figs. 6B and D).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ REFERENCES · p. 11The vasopressin cells of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis probably receive a totally different input than the vasopressin cells in the paraventricular nucleus or suprachiasmatic nucleus, causing their output to be different.
“For example, the VP cells of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis probably receive a totally different input than the VP cells in the PVN or SCN, which obviously causes the output to be different as well.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ REFERENCES · p. 11The actions of vasopressin are probably linked in the various areas whose vasopressin fibers have a common origin, but could be independent when the fibers are derived from different nuclei.
“The actions of VP, in turn, are probably linked in the various areas of which the VP fibers have a common origin, but could be independent when the fibers are derived from different nuclei.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown data§ INTRODUCTION · p. 2Neither the paraventricular nucleus nor the supraoptic nucleus sends vasopressin fibers to the lateral septum.
“The results of these experiments make it clear that neither the PVN nor the SON send VP fibers to the lateral septum.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ DISCUSSION · p. 9In colchicine-treated rats, the largest number of extrahypothalamic vasopressin cells is found in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and vasopressin-immunopositive cells are also found in the rostral lateral septum, amygdala, and locus coeruleus.
“The largest number of extrahypothalamic VP cells was found in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. In addition, VP-immunopositive cells were revealed in other areas, e.g. in the rostral part of the lateral septum, the amygdala and the locus coeruleus27.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Van Leeuwen and Caffe, 1983 source
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The LS receives vasopressinergic inputs directly from the MeA and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST).
“It receives vasopressinergic inputs directly from the MeA (Caffe et al., 1987) and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) (De Vries & Buijs, 1983).”
From Developmental origins of sex differences in the neural circuitry of play (2020) · cites this paper as De Vries & Buijs, 1983
The citation to De Vries and Buijs is attached to the BNST input, not the MeA input. Their summary (p. 2) reports that BNST lesions sharply reduced vasopressin fibers in the lateral septum, but calls BNST cells only the probable source. The Discussion (p. 9) says fibers originating elsewhere might instead pass through the BNST, so it does not establish the direct BNST input as stated. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe BST and CMA are interconnected, and lesions of the BST disrupt AVP expression in the amygdala.
“More importantly, previous data have shown that the BST and CMA are interconnected, and lesions of the BST disrupt AVP expression in the amygdala.35”
From Neonatal MeCP2 is important for the organization of sex differences in vasopressin expression (2012) · cites this paper as [35]
The lesion results (p. 7) report that unilateral BST lesions reduced vasopressin fiber density in the ipsilateral anterior amygdala. The paper does not establish that the BST and CMA are interconnected or show disrupted AVP expression specifically in the CMA; it measures fiber density in the anterior amygdala. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe lateral septum receives projections from the BNST.
“The lateral septum receives projections from the BNST (De Vries and Buijs, 1983), a primary node in the neural network thought to play a role in social behavior (Newman, 1999).”
From Sexually dimorphic role for vasopressin in the development of social play (2014) · cites this paper as De Vries and Buijs, 1983
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“Lesions of the PVN result in a near complete loss of the brain oxytocinergic system (De Vries and Buijs, 1983), and a delay in the onset of maternal behavior in naïve rats (Insel and Harbaugh, 1989).”
BackgroundOxytocin Attenuates Amygdala Reactivity to Fear in Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder
Labuschagne, I., Phan, K. L., Wood, A., Angstadt, M., Chua, P., Heinrichs, M., Stout, J. C., & Nathan, P. J. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.123 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
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Regulation of affect by the lateral septum: implications for neuropsychiatry
Sheehan, T. P., Chambers, R. A., & Russell, D. S. (2004) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.04.009 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
“Vasopressin reaches the LS from two regions in rats: the medial amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis [57,107].”
BackgroundThe vasopressinergic innervation of the brain in normal and castrated rats
DeVries, G. J., Buijs, R. M., van Leeuwen, F. W., Caffé, A. R., & Swaab, D. F. (1985) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902330206 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
Self-citationVasopressin: Behavioral roles of an “original” neuropeptide
Caldwell, H. K., Lee, H.-J., Macbeth, A. H., & Young, W. S. (2008) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.10.007 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
“Anxiety—High densities of vasopressinergic fibers (De Vries and Buijs, 1983) and Avpr1a (Ostrowski et al., 1992) are found within the septum.”
BackgroundOxytocin in general anxiety and social fear: a translational approach
Neumann, I. D., & Slattery, D. A. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.06.004 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
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Oxytocin, vasopressin, and social recognition in mammals
Bielsky, I. F., & Young, L. J. (2004) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2004.05.019 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Engelmann, M., Landgraf, R., & Wotjak, C. T. (2004) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2004.09.001 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
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The neurobiology of pair bonding: Insights from a socially monogamous rodent
Young, K. A., Gobrogge, K. L., Liu, Y., & Wang, Z. (2011) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.07.006 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
“As BNST-AVP neurons project to the LS [60], these data suggest that mating facilitates AVP synthesis”
Swaab, D. F., Purba, J. S., & Hofman, M. A. (1995) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.80.2.7852523 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Role of septal vasopressin innervation in paternal behavior in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster).
Wang, Z., Ferris, C. F., & De Vries, G. J. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.1.400 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Numan, M., & Stolzenberg, D. S. (2008) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2008.10.002 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
De Vries, G. J., & Panzica, G. C. (2006) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.07.050 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Drug Addiction: Hyperkatifeia/Negative Reinforcement as a Framework for Medications Development
Koob, G. F. (2021) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pharmrev.120.000083 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
“Vasopressin has a neurotropic action by being centrally localized and originating in the PVN, BNST, medial amygdala, and suprachiasmatic nucleus and projecting extensively throughout the basal forebrain (Veinante and Freund-Mercier, 1997; De Vries and Buijs, 1983).”
BackgroundHolstege, G., Meiners, L. C., & Tan, K. (1985) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00235319 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Central vasopressin and oxytocin release: regulation of complex social behaviours
VEENEMA, A., & NEUMANN, I. (2008) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)00422-6 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
“…aggressive and territorial behaviours comprises AVP neurons originating in the medial amygdala and the BNST and projecting to the lateral septum (De Vries and Buijs, 1983; Koolhaas et al., 1998), and of AVP projections to hypothalamic regions, especially the anterior hypothalamus (Ferris et al.,…”
BackgroundInfluentialVasopressin-dependent neural circuits underlying pair bond formation in the monogamous prairie vole
Lim, M. M., & Young, L. J. (2004) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.12.008 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Chapter 14 Descending motor pathways and the spinal motor system: Limbic and non-limbic components
Holstege, G. (1991) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63057-5 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Characterization of the oxytocin system regulating affiliative behavior in female prairie voles
Ross, H. E., Cole, C. D., Smith, Y., Neumann, I. D., Landgraf, R., Murphy, A. Z., & Young, L. J. (2009) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.05.055 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Pitkow, L. J., Sharer, C. A., Ren, X., Insel, T. R., Terwilliger, E. F., & Young, L. J. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-18-07392.2001 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
“In rats, the septal AVP innervation arises from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the medial amygdala ( DeVries and Buijs, 1983 ).”
BackgroundThe Mouse Defense Test Battery: pharmacological and behavioral assays for anxiety and panic
Blanchard, D. C., Griebel, G., & Blanchard, R. J. (2003) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(03)01276-7 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
“…ACTH secretion by potentiating the stimulatory effects of CRF. Extra hypothalamic arginine vasopressin-containing neurons have also been characterized in the medial amygdala , which innervate limbic structures such as the lateral septum and the ventral hippocampus (De Vries and Buijs, 1983).”
BackgroundDong, H., & Swanson, L. W. (2004) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.20002 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Oxytocin, vasopressin and pair bonding: implications for autism
Hammock, E. A. D., & Young, L. J. (2006) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1939 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
“Vasopressin expression levels in brain areas outside the hypothalamus are sexually dimorphic: males have higher numbers of vasopressin expressing cells in the BST and more fibres in the LS and lateral habenula (De Vries & Buijs 1983; De Vries et al. 1983; De Vries 1990).”
BackgroundCaffé, A. R., van Leeuwen, F. W., & Luiten, P. G. M. (1987) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902610206 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Bester‐Meredith, J. K., Young, L. J., & Marler, C. A. (1999) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1006/hbeh.1999.1522 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Sex difference in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the human brain
Allen, L. S., & Gorski, R. A. (1990) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903020402 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Dabrowska, J., Hazra, R., Ahern, T. H., Guo, J.-D., McDonald, A. J., Mascagni, F., Muller, J. F., Young, L. J., & Rainnie, D. G. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.03.003 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
“Both OT and AVP levels are increased in the extended amygdala in response to stress, (Landgraf and Neumann, 2004; Ebner et al., 2005), as a result of release from local fibers (De Vries and Buijs, 1983; Sofroniew, 1983).”
Central regulation of sodium appetite
Geerling, J. C., & Loewy, A. D. (2007) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2007.039891 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
“Since these PVH neurones represent the only known source of oxytocin in the brain (De Vries & Buijs, 1983), they are presumably responsible for inhibition of sodium appetite by central oxytocinergic release (Stricker & Verbalis, 1987, 1996).”
BackgroundEngelmann, M., Wotjak, C. T., Neumann, I. D., Ludwig, M., & Landgraf, R. (1996) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/0149-7634(95)00059-3 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Gulya, K., Dave, J. R., & Hoffman, P. L. (1991) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(91)90125-f · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Risold, P. Y., & Swanson, L. W. (1997) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(97)00008-8 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
van Leeuwen, F. W., Caffe, A. R., & Vries, G. J. D. (1985) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(85)90348-8 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Mesotocin and nonapeptide receptors promote estrildid flocking behavior
Goodson, J. L., Schrock, S. E., Klatt, J. D., Kabelik, D., & Kingsbury, M. A. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1174929 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Morphological and electrophysiological classification of hypothalamic supraoptic neurons
Armstrong, W. E. (1995) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0301-0082(95)80005-s · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Targeted activation of the hippocampal CA2 area strongly enhances social memory
Smith, A. S., Williams Avram, S. K., Cymerblit-Sabba, A., Song, J., & Young, W. S. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.189 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Aggression and anxiety: social context and neurobiological links
Neumann, I. D. (2010) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2010.00012 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
“In rats, testosterone-dependent AVP pathways, which originate in the BST/medial amygdala and project to the lateral septum (de Vries and Buijs, 1983), are diminished after castration (de Vries et al., 1984) as are levels of aggression (Koolhaas et al., 1990).”
BackgroundSimerly, R. B., Gorski, R. A., & Swanson, L. W. (1986) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902460305 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Nonapeptides and the evolutionary patterning of sociality
GOODSON, J. (2008) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)00401-9 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
“The LS provides a concrete example: although the BSTm provides the only direct AVP innervation of the LS (De Vries and Buijs, 1983; De Vries and Panzica, 2006), neurophysiological studies indicate that AVP projections from the PVN also influence LS activity (Disturnal et al., 1986, 1987).”
BackgroundGonadal hormone actions on the morphology of the vasopressinergic innervation of the adult rat brain
De Vries, G. J., Buijs, R. M., & Sluiter, A. A. (1984) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(84)91157-0 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Self-citationOxytocin, vasopressin, and autism: Is there a connection?
Insel, T. R., O’Brien, D. J., & Leckman, J. F. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00142-5 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Neurotransmitter Systems
Vries, G. J. D. (1990) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.1990.tb00385.x · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Young, W. S., Li, J., Wersinger, S. R., & Palkovits, M. (2006) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.040 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
“Alternatively, the Avpr1b may be transported to the axon terminals in the lateral septum where vasopressin innervation (De Vries and Buijs, 1983; Caffe et al., 1987) could affect neurotransmission and behavior.”
BackgroundAnatomy, Development, and Function of Sexually Dimorphic Neural Circuits in the Mammalian Brain
Vries, G. J. D., & Simerly, R. B. (2002) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012532104-4/50066-4 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Neuroendocrinology of social information processing in rats and mice
Choleris, E., Clipperton-Allen, A. E., Phan, A., & Kavaliers, M. (2009) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.05.003 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Goodson, J. L., & Kabelik, D. (2009) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.05.007 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
“For instance, while direct VT/VP projections to the LS appear to arise almost exclusively from the BSTm [21,26], physiological data demonstrate that the PVN cell group also exerts significant effects on the LS [30,31].”
BackgroundVasopressin-immunoreactive cell bodies in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the rat
van Leeuwen, F., & Caffé, R. (1983) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00211473 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)
Kalsbeek, A., Teclemariam‐Mesbah, R., & Péavet, P. (1993) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903320304 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Sexual dimorphism in the mammalian limbic system
Madeira, M. D., & Lieberman, A. R. (1995) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0301-0082(94)00052-j · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Albers, H. E. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.07.001 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
“These nuclei, however, are also the source of AVP-containing fibers that project to other brain regions (Buijs, 1978; Hoorneman and Buijs, 1982; Sawchenko and Swanson, 1982; De Vries and Buijs, 1983; Alonso et al., 1986).”
BackgroundEbner, K., Bosch, O. J., Krömer, S. A., Singewald, N., & Neumann, I. D. (2004) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300607 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
“These fibers have been found to originate predominantly from the PVN, since OXT fiber density decreases dramatically in all OXT projection sites after lesioning this hypothalamic area (De Vries and Buijs, 1983; Van Leeuwen and Caffe, 1983).”
BackgroundCaffe´, A. R., & van Leeuwen, F. W. (1983) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00222229 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Fliers, E., Swaab, D. F., W. Pool, C., & Verwer, R. W. H. (1985) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(85)91351-4 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Neuropeptide receptor ligands as drugs for psychiatric diseases: the end of the beginning?
Griebel, G., & Holsboer, F. (2012) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd3702 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Vasopressin and oxytocin—their role in neurotransmission
Buijs, R. M. (1983) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/0163-7258(83)90056-6 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Self-citationOxytocin-induced penile erection and yawning: site of action in the brain
Melis, M. R., Argiolas, A., & Gessa, G. L. (1986) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(86)91485-x · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Brain oxytocin in social fear conditioning and its extinction: involvement of the lateral septum
Zoicas, I., Slattery, D. A., & Neumann, I. D. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.156 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Chapter 1.1 Anatomy and function of extrahypothalamic vasopressin systems in the brain
Vries, G. J. D., & MILLER, M. A. (1999) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61558-7 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Fever: Causes and consequences
Moltz, H. (1993) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(05)80009-0 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Veenema, A. H., Beiderbeck, D. I., Lukas, M., & Neumann, I. D. (2010) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.03.006 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“The BST contains AVP-expressing neurons that send fibers to the LS (De Vries and Buijs, 1983; De Vries et al., 1984; van Leeuwen et al., 1985; Caffe et al., 1987).”
BackgroundBamshad, M., Novak, M. A., & De Vries, G. J. (1993) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.1993.tb00480.x · Cited by 175 · see citing works
The neurobiology of social recognition, approach, and avoidance
Young, L. J. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01268-9 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Argiolas, A., Melis, M. R., Mauri, A., & Gessa, G. L. (1987) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(87)91305-9 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Vasopressin and oxytocin: distribution and putative functions in the brain
Buijs, R. M., De Vries, G. J., Van Leeuwen, F. W., & Swaab, D. F. (1983) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)64379-4 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citationSex differences in vasopressin and oxytocin innervation of the brain
DEVRIES, G. (2008) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)00402-0 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“Together these data identified the BNST as the most important source of the innervation of the lateral septum (De Vries and Buijs, 1983).”
BackgroundLim, M. M., Murphy, A. Z., & Young, L. J. (2004) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.10973 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Sex-specific modulation of juvenile social play by vasopressin
Veenema, A. H., Bredewold, R., & De Vries, G. J. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.06.002 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“To test whether AVP projections of the BNST or MeA modulate social play, we targeted the LS because this area receives projections from AVP-expressing neurons in the BNST and MeA that are denser in males than in females (De Vries & Buijs, 1983; Van Leeuwen et al., 1985; Caffe et al., 1987).”
BackgroundLandgraf, R., Frank, E., Aldag, J. M., Neumann, I. D., Sharer, C. A., Ren, X., Terwilliger, E. F., Niwa, M., Wigger, A., & Young, L. J. (2003) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02750.x · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“Regardless of the species, the septal brain area plays a key role in behavioural regulation as it contains a high density of V1aR and a dense network of AVP-immunoreactive fibers (De Vries & Buijs, 1983).”
BackgroundAnatomy and neurochemistry of the pair bond
Young, L. J., Murphy Young, A. Z., & Hammock, E. A. D. (2005) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.20771 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Goodson, J. L., & Kingsbury, M. A. (2013) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.05.006 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“In mammals, most of the direct VP–OT innervation of the brain appears to come from the PVN, particularly in the case of OT (much of the VP arises from extrahypothalamic sites), although the supraoptic nucleus likely makes a contribution, as well (De Vries and Buijs, 1983; Rood et al., 2013 ).”
Veenema, A. H. (2011) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.12.002 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“VP-expressing neurons in the BNST and MeA show projections to several forebrain regions, including the lateral septum (Caffé et al., 1987; De Vries and Buijs, 1983).”
BackgroundThe vasopressin system — From antidiuresis to psychopathology
Frank, E., & Landgraf, R. (2008) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.11.063 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“The effects of vasopressin on social learning and memory were foremost attributed to the lateral septum, which receives vasopressinergic projections from both the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the medial amygdala (De Vries and Buijs, 1983).”
BackgroundInnovative Approaches for the Treatment of Depression: Targeting the HPA Axis
THOMSON, F. J., & Craighead, M. W. (2007) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-007-9518-3 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
“Vasopressin-expressing neurones have been identified in the hypothalamus and in limbic regions such as the medial amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis [98, 99], both of which project to the lateral septum.”
BackgroundDe Vries, G. J., Duetz, W., Buijs, R. M., van Heerikhuize, J., & Vreeburg, J. T. M. (1986) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(86)91519-2 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citationSmith, C. J. W., Poehlmann, M. L., Li, S., Ratnaseelan, A. M., Bredewold, R., & Veenema, A. H. (2017) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-016-1260-7 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“AVP is also synthesized in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and medial amygdala (Sofroniew and Weindl 1978; Sofroniew 1980; Caffé et al. 1987; De Vries et al. 1981; De Vries and Buijs 1983; Rood and De Vries 2011).”
MethodPhillips, P. A., Abrahams, J. M., Kelly, J., Paxinos, G., Grzonka, Z., Mendelsohn, F. A. O., & Johnston, C. I. (1988) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(88)90180-7 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Everts, H. G. J., & Koolhaas, J. M. (1999) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(98)00004-7 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“medial amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) [5,9,10,47].”
Aste, N., Balthazart, J., Absil, P., Grossmann, R., M�lhbauer, E., Viglietti‐Panzica, C., & Panzica, G. (1998) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980629)396:2 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Kelly, A. M., & Goodson, J. L. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.04.005 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“…et al. also demonstrated that castration results in a virtual disappearance of both VP-immunoreactive (-ir) neurons in the BSTm and VP-ir fibers in the LS (De Vries et al., 1985), and that the VP-ir innervation of the LS was virtually eliminated by lesions of the BSTm (De Vries and Buijs, 1983).”
BackgroundThe neurophysin-containing innervation of the forebrain of the mouse
Castel, M., & Morris, J. F. (1988) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(88)90078-4 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Bredewold, R., & Veenema, A. H. (2018) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2018.02.011 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“The LS receives vasopressinergic innervations from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and medial amygdala (MeA) [13,14].”
BackgroundEvolving nonapeptide mechanisms of gregariousness and social diversity in birds
Goodson, J. L., Kelly, A. M., & Kingsbury, M. A. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.01.005 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“All doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.01.005 a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Available online 13 January 2012”
InfluentialBeiderbeck, D. I., Neumann, I. D., & Veenema, A. H. (2007) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05974.x · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“In particular, extrahypothalamic AVP neurons originating in the medial amygdala and the BNST and projecting to the lateral septum (De Vries & Buijs, 1983; Caffe et al., 1987) seem to be involved in the regulation of aggressive behaviours in rodents (Irvin et al., 1990; Koolhaas et al., 1990, 1991;…”
BackgroundWang, Z., Smith, W., Major, D. E., & Vries, G. J. D. (1994) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)91784-1 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Vries, G. J. D., Best, W., & Sluiter, A. A. (1983) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0165-3806(83)90019-6 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Putting Together Pieces of the Lateral Septum: Multifaceted Functions and Its Neural Pathways
Rizzi-Wise, C. A., & Wang, D. V. (2021) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0315-21.2021 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“The neural pathways that support these social behaviors are unclear; however, the LS likely receives oxytocin and vasopressin from the PVN and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), respectively, in executing these social functions (De Vries and Buijs, 1983).”
BackgroundThe Central Vasopressinergic System: Examining the Opportunities for Psychiatric Drug Development
Ring, R. H. (2005) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612053382241 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“The importance of the PVN to homeostatic regulation of autonomic functions suggests that these projections are responsible for vasopressinergic control of autonomic activity and nociception at the spinal level.”
BackgroundOxytocin in the central nervous system and sexual behaviour in male rats
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Vasopressin innervation of the mouse ( <i>Mus musculus</i> ) brain and spinal cord
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Valence-sensitive neurons exhibit divergent functional profiles in gregarious and asocial species
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- Authors
- de Vries, G. J., & Buijs, R. M.
- ORCID
- Buijs, R.M.
- Venue
- Brain Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1983-08
- Volume
- 273
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 307-317
- ISSN
- 0006-8993 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2061489766
- Cited by
- 524
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 35.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Brain Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KNAW research portal (Royal Academy of Art and Sciences (KNAW)) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- KNAW Research Portal (The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- vasopressin, oxytocin, lateral septum, paraventricular nucleus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, diagonal band of Broca, nucleus tractus solitarius, nucleus ambiguus, retrograde tracing, lesioning, rat brain
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Mapping, Diencephalon, Male, Neural Pathways, Synaptic Transmission, Oxytocin, Rats, Inbred Strains, Septum Pellucidum, Telencephalon, Vasopressins, Rats
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-12.
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