The DOI matches its Crossref record; 72 of the 82 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Stimulus structures and mental representations in expert comprehension of computer programs
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This is consistent with previous findings dating back to FORTRAN and COBOL programming [Pennington 1987], where programmers briefly shown small code snippets could best answer questions about control flow compared to data-or logic-flow.”
From Grounded Copilot: How Programmers Interact with Code-Generating Models (2023) · cites this paper as [Pennington 1987]
In the citing paper
“This is consistent with previous findings dating back to FORTRAN and COBOL programming [Pennington 1987], where programmers briefly shown small code snippets could best answer questions about control flow compared to data-or logic-flow.”
From Grounded Copilot: How Programmers Interact with Code-Generating Models (2023) · cites this paper as Pennington 1987
Citations
Cites
Axten, N., Newell, A., & Simon, H. A. (1973) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2063712 · Cited by 6,886
Proceedings of the 19th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence
Pujol, J. M., Delgado, J., Ramon Sangüesa, A., & Flache, A. (2005) · International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence · Cited by 5,771
Toward a model of text comprehension and production.
Kintsch, W., & van Dijk, T. A. (1978) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.85.5.363 · Cited by 5,298
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1983) · Cited by 5,190
SCRIPTS, PLANS, GOALS, AND UNDERSTANDING
Schank, R. C., & Abelson, R. P. (1988) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4832-1446-7.50019-4 · Cited by 4,544
Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(73)90004-2 · Cited by 4,479 · cited 1×
“First, well-known empirical results across a wide range of problem-solving domains, such as chess (e.g., Chase & Simon, 1973a, 1973b), GO (Reitman, 1976), bridge (Engle & Bukstel, 1978), music composition (Halpern & Bower, 1982; Sloboda, 1976), and computer programming (McKeithen et al., 1981;…”
Solso, R. L., & Chase, W. G. (1974) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421395 · Cited by 2,134
Remembrance of things parsed: Story structure and recall
Mandler, J. M., & Johnson, N. S. (1977) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(77)90006-8 · Cited by 2,085
Rumelhart, D. E. (1975) · Representation and Understanding · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-108550-6.50013-6 · Cited by 1,671
Michelene, T. H., Glaser, R. A., & Rees, E. T. (1981) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · Cited by 1,529
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Hayes, 1977, Psychological differences among problem isomorphs, Vol. 2
- Pennington, 1985, Cognitive components of expertise in computer programming: A review of the literature, Psychological Documents, 15
- Rumelhardt, 1980, A reply to Black and Wilensky, Cognitive Science, 4, 313
- Stein, 1979, An analysis of story comprehension in elementary school children, Vol. 2
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Learning and Teaching Programming: A Review and Discussion
Robins, A., Rountree, J., & Rountree, N. (2003) · Computer Science Education · doi:10.1076/csed.13.2.137.14200 · Cited by 1,736
Usability Analysis of Visual Programming Environments: A ‘Cognitive Dimensions’ Framework
Green, T. R. G., & Petre, M. (1996) · Journal of Visual Languages & Computing · doi:10.1006/jvlc.1996.0009 · Cited by 1,252
On looking into the black box: Prospects and limits in the search for mental models.
Rouse, W. B., & Morris, N. M. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.100.3.349 · Cited by 1,273
Recovering traceability links between code and documentation
Antoniol, G., Canfora, G., Casazza, G., Lucia, A. D., & Merlo, E. (2002) · IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering · doi:10.1109/tse.2002.1041053 · Cited by 969
Ko, A. J., Myers, B. A., Coblenz, M. J., & Aung, H. H. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering · doi:10.1109/tse.2006.116 · Cited by 685
Metadata
- Authors
- Pennington, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pennington, Nancy
- Venue
- Cognitive Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1987-07
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 295-341
- ISSN
- 0010-0285 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2154671002
- Cited by
- 526
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 32.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cognitive Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Software Engineering Research
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Teaching and Learning Programming
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
- Keywords
- program comprehension, mental representation, programming knowledge, control flow, functional relationships, goal hierarchy, expert programmers, task goals
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
