Administrative interventions on police shooting discretion: An empirical examination
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Cites
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Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Prior studies indicate that only a portion of people shot by police die.
“Studies from the 1970s through present day indicate that those killed by police gunfire are but a portion of the total number of people shot or shot at.”
From Factors associated with police shooting mortality: A focus on race and a plea for more comprehensive data (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
Cites
- STATISTICAL PACKAGE FOR SOCIAL SCIENCES
Reddy, M. V. (2014) · Apple Academic Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b17560-26 · Cited by 12,121 · see citing works
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
Greatorex, M. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118785317.weom090665 · Cited by 4,420 · see citing works
Milton, C. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Shots fired : an examination of New York City police firearms discharges
Fyfe, J. J. (1978) · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationSealy, L. G., & Berkley, G. E. (1971) · Columbia Law Review · doi:10.2307/1121179 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Police Homicide in a Democracy
Kobler, A. L. (1975) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1975.tb00749.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Standards relating to the urban police function
Remington, F. J., & Krantz, S. (1973) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Kill or Be Killed?: Use of Deadly Force in the Riot Situation
Rhine, B. G. (1968) · California Law Review · doi:10.2307/3479269 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kill or Be Killed: Use of Deadly Force in the Riot Situation
Rhine, B. G. (1968) · bepress Legal Repository · doi:10.15779/z38p48r · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Bird's Eye View of Civilians Killed by Police in 2015: Further Evidence of Implicit Bias
Nix, J., Campbell, B. A., Byers, E. H., & Alpert, G. P. (2017) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12269 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Loyens, K., & Maesschalck, J. (2010) · Administration & Society · doi:10.1177/0095399710362524 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Engel, R. S., Corsaro, N., Isaza, G. T., & McManus, H. D. (2022) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12574 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Given the historic impact of use of force policies on police behavior (Fyfe, 1979; 1982), it is important that these policies receive continual review to reduce the risk of officer and citizen injury and the likelihood of racial and ethnic disparities in the application of force.”
Nix, J., & Shjarback, J. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259024 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“For example, 44% of those shot by officers from the New York Police Department died from 1971–1975 [5], 33% of those shot by officers from St.”
BackgroundShjarback, J. A. (2019) · Journal of Crime and Justice · doi:10.1080/0735648x.2018.1547353 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Fyfe, J. J.
- Affiliations
- National Policing Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fyfe, James J.
- Venue
- Journal of Criminal Justice
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1979-12
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 309-323
- ISSN
- 0047-2352 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2046524129
- Cited by
- 202
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 5.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Criminal Justice (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Social Sciences › Health › Gun Ownership and Violence Research
- Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
- Keywords
- New York City Police Department, protection of life, police use of force, police officer deaths, police assault
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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