Operantly conditioned running: Effects on brain catecholamine concentrations and receptor densities in the rat
Abstract
It was hypothesized that endurance exercise results in an alteration in the brain monoamine systems. Rats were trained to run for food reinforcement on a variable ratio schedule in running wheels. Yoked control rats were also allowed to run but were not specifically reinforced for running. The animals ran 5 days per week for 8 weeks and were sacrificed 48 hours after the last endurance training session. The brains were assayed for norepinephrine and dopamine concentrations and beta-adrenergic (3H-dihydroalprenolol binding) and dopaminergic (3H-spiroperidol binding) receptor densities. Changes in norepinephrine concentration and beta-adrenergic receptor densities were not significantly different between reinforced running and yoked control groups. Dopamine concentrations were significantly higher while dopamine receptor densities were significantly lower in the reinforced running group. These results suggest that chronic running elevates dopamine secretion and consequently produces a compensatory down-regulation of dopaminergic receptor sites. The relationship of these changes to motor activity and to the antidepressant effects of exercise are discussed.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Voluntary running exercises for 8 weeks significantly increased the levels of dopamine and its metabolites in the prefrontal cortex and striatum of rats.
“Voluntary running exercises for 8 weeks significantly increased the levels of dopamine and its metabolites in the prefrontal cortex and striatum of rats [63].”
From Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of exercise on depression in adolescents (2022) · cites this paper as [63]
Cites
The pharmacological basis of therapeutics
Frank, A. L. (1981) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/0013-9351(81)90176-6 · Cited by 2,738 · see citing works
Development of β-adrenergic receptor subsensitivity by antidepressants
Banerjee, S. P., Kung, L. S., Riggi, S. J., & Chanda, S. K. (1977) · Nature · doi:10.1038/268455a0 · Cited by 722 · see citing works
A simplified radiometric assay for plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine
Passon, P. G., & Peuler, J. D. (1973) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0003-2697(73)90517-4 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
Physical fitness training and mental health.
Folkins, C. H., & Sime, W. E. (1981) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.36.4.373 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Beta Adrenergic Receptor Binding in Membrane Preparations from Mammalian Brain
Bylund, D. B., & Snyder, S. H. (1976) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0026-895x(25)10785-2 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Mode of action of antidepressant drugs
Sulser, F., Vetulani, J., & Mobley, P. L. (1978) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0006-2952(78)90226-5 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Wolfe, B. B., Harden, T. K., Sporn, J. R., et al. (1978) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)31441-2 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Physical fitness training and mental health.
Folkins, C. H., & Sime, W. E. (1981) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.36.4.373 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
U’Prichard, D. C., Greenberg, D. A., Sheehan, P. P., & Snyder, S. H. (1978) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.202024 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Catecholamines and stress: Recent advances
Chalmers, J. P. (1982) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(82)90040-6 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Morgan, W. P. (1979) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.1979.11948436 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Gordon, R. O., Spector, S., Sjoerdsma, A., & Udenfriend, S. (1966) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)27416-x · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Biochemical demonstration of dopaminergic receptors in rat and human brain using [3H]spiroperidol
Fields, J. Z., Reisine, T., & Yamamura, H. I. (1977) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(77)90084-1 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Effects of Chronic Exposure to Stressors on Avoidance-Escape Behavior and on Brain Norepinephrine*
Weiss, J. M., Glazer, H. I., Pohorecky, L. A., Brick, J., & Miller, N. E. (1975) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197511000-00006 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Effect of electroconvulsive shock on monoaminergic receptor binding sites in rat brain
Bergstrom, D. A., & Kellar, K. J. (1979) · Nature · doi:10.1038/278464a0 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
How to analyze binding, enzyme and uptake data: The simplest case, a single phase
Zivin, J. A., & Waud, D. R. (1982) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(82)90554-9 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
A role for amines in the antidepressant effect of exercise
RANSFORD, C. P. (1982) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-198201000-00001 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Anisman, H., & Sklar, L. S. (1979) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0077603 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Brain amines: Response to physiological stress
Barchas, J. D., & Freedman, D. X. (1963) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0006-2952(63)90101-1 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Bergstrom, D. A., & Kellar, K. J. (1979) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)31650-2 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Chiodo, L. A., & Antelman, S. M. (1980) · Nature · doi:10.1038/287451a0 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
STRESS-INDUCED RELEASE OF BRAIN NOREPINEPHRINE AND ITS INHIBITION BY DRUGS
Maynert, E. W., & Levi, O. (1964) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)26696-4 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Thornburg, J. E., & Moore, K. E. (1973) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/0028-3908(73)90038-5 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Chiodo, L. A., & Antelman, S. M. (1980) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6254148 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Cohen, R. M. (1982) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/0028-3908(82)90091-0 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Psychopharmacology of Affective Disorders
Williams, W. (1980) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1980.tb135245.x · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Chronic response of rat brain norepinephrine and serotonin levels to endurance training
Brown, B. S., Payne, T., Kim, C., Moore, G., Krebs, P. S., & Martin, W. H. (1979) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1979.46.1.19 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Physiological and biochemical concomitants of restraint stress in rats
Keim, K. L., & Sigg, E. B. (1976) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(76)90244-6 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC REGIMENS OF CLORGYLINE AND PARGYLINE ON MONOAMINE METABOLISM IN THE RAT BRAIN
Campbell, I. C., Robinson, D. S., Lovenberg, W. M., & Murphy, D. L. (1979) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1979.tb04508.x · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Relationship of stress and activity to brain dopamine and homovanillic acid
Bliss, E. L., & Ailion, J. (1971) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(71)90276-1 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Weiss, J. M., Bailey, W. H., Pohorecky, L. A., Korzeniowski, D., & Grillione, G. (1980) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/bf00964456 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Brain amines and emotional stress
Bliss, E. L., & Zwanziger, J. (1966) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(66)90006-9 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
The Prescription of Exercise for Depression
Brown, R. S., Ramirez, D. E., & Taub, J. M. (1978) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.1978.11710794 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Effects of d-amphetamine and restraint on the content of norepinephrine and dopamine in rat brain
Moore, K. E., & Lariviere, E. W. (1963) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0006-2952(63)90196-5 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The effects of exercise training on [3H]-spiperone binding in rat striatum
Gilliam, P. E., Spirduso, W. W., Martin, T. P., Walters, J., Wilcox, R. E., & Farrar, R. P. (1984) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(84)90008-x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Physiological and Psychological Effects of Short-term Exercise Addiction on Habitual Runners
Thaxton, L. (1982) · Journal of Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsp.4.1.73 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The trained circling rat: a model for inducing unilateral caudate dopamine metabolism
Yamamoto, B. K., & Freed, C. R. (1982) · Nature · doi:10.1038/298467a0 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Exercise and rat brain catecholamines.
Brown, B. S., & Huss, W. D. V. (1973) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1973.34.5.664 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Waldmeier, P. C., Baumann, P. A., & Maître, L. (1979) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)31788-x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Exercise-Induced Muscle Soreness
Abraham, W. M. (1979) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.1979.11948501 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Effects of Substantia Nigra Lesions on the Locomotor and Stereotypy Responses to Amphetamine
Simpson, B., & Iversen, S. D. (1971) · Nature New Biology · doi:10.1038/newbio230030a0 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Koide, T., & Matsushita, K. (1981) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(81)90691-3 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Effects of chronic monoamine oxidase inhibitor treatment on biogenic amine metabolism in rat brain
Robinson, D. S., Campbell, I., Walker, M., et al. (1979) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/0028-3908(79)90021-2 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
THE RATE OF SYNTHESIS OF CATECHOLAMINES FOLLOWING DEPLETION IN GUINEA PIG BRAIN AND HEART*
Paulsen, E. C., & Hess, S. M. (1963) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1963.tb13674.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The effect of rapid eye movement sleep deprivation on cortical β-adrenergic receptors
Abel, M. S., Villegas, F., Abreu, J., Gimino, F. A., Steiner, S. S., Beer, B., & Meyerson, L. R. (1983) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0361-9230(83)90015-1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Sellinger, M., Sarai, K., & Frazer, A. (1978) · Federation Proceedings · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Sheehan, G. A. (1978) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.1978.11710753 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Multiple postsynaptic dopamine receptors and behavioral manifestation
Fujita, N., Hirata, A., Saito, K., et al. (1982) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(82)90449-x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of drug dependence
Koob, G. F., & Bloom, F. E. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2903550 · Cited by 2,070 · see citing works
Reward Processing by the Opioid System in the Brain
Le Merrer, J., Becker, J. A. J., Befort, K., & Kieffer, B. L. (2009) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00005.2009 · Cited by 1,013 · see citing works
Exercise Benefits Brain Function: The Monoamine Connection
Lin, T.-W., & Kuo, Y.-M. (2013) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci3010039 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Brain monoamines, exercise, and behavioral stress: animal models
DISHMAN, R. K. (1997) · Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199701000-00010 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Age and fitness effects on EEG, ERPs, visual sensitivity, and cognition
Dustman, R. E., Emmerson, R. Y., Ruhling, R. O., Shearer, D. E., Steinhaus, L. A., Johnson, S. C., Bonekat, H. W., & Shigeoka, J. W. (1990) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/0197-4580(90)90545-b · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of exercise on depression in adolescents
Wang, X., Cai, Z.-D., Jiang, W.-T., Fang, Y.-Y., Sun, W.-X., & Wang, X. (2022) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-022-00453-2 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Brain norepinephrine and metabolites after treadmill training and wheel running in rats
DUNN, A. L., REIGLE, T. G., YOUNGSTEDT, S. D., ARMSTRONG, R. B., & DISHMAN, R. K. (1996) · Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199602000-00008 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Davis, L. M., Michaelides, M., Cheskin, L. J., Moran, T. H., Aja, S., Watkins, P. A., Pei, Z., Contoreggi, C., McCullough, K., Hope, B., et al. (2009) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000170586 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
- Authors
- de Castro, J. M., & Duncan, G.
- Affiliations
- Georgia State University (US)
- Venue
- Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1985-10
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 495-500
- ISSN
- 0091-3057 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2064725886
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- operant conditioning, running wheel, endurance exercise, brain catecholamines, norepinephrine, dopamine, beta-adrenergic receptors, variable-ratio schedules, food reinforcement, antidepressant effects of exercise, monoaminergic systems
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Catecholamines, Conditioning, Operant, Dopamine, Male, Motor Activity, Norepinephrine, Receptors, Adrenergic, Receptors, Cholinergic, Receptors, Dopamine, Spiperone, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review