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The procrastination of everyday life.
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“Closer examination of the task aversiveness literature demonstrates that aversive tasks are characterized by lower autonomy, lower task significance, boredom, resentment, frustration, and difficulty (Milgram et al., 1988; Milgram et al., 1995; Blunt and Pychyl, 2000; Steel, 2007).”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Milgram et al., 1988
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“individuals are more likely to procrastinate on effort-demanding tasks (Milgram et al., 1988)”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Milgram et al., 1988
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Steel, P. (2007) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 · Cited by 3,417
A meta-analytically derived nomological network of procrastination.
van Eerde, W. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00358-6 · Cited by 629
“Milgram & Naaman, 1996 ), so that the correlations of procrastination with affect may be somewhat inflated (see van Eerde, in press).”
BackgroundCatanzaro, S., & Mearns, J. (1990) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5403&4_11 · Cited by 609
Academic procrastination and statistics anxiety
Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/0260293042000160384 · Cited by 538
“, 1986; Ferrari, 1989b), rebelliousness and resentment (Burka & Yuen, 1983; Rorer, 1983; Milgram et al., 1988), or an attempt to protect a vulnerable self-esteem (Burka & Yuen, 1983), it is possible that for graduate students, delaying academic tasks such as writing a term paper are indicative of perfectionism.”
BackgroundCatanzaro, S. J., & Mearns, J. (1990) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.1990.9674019 · Cited by 609
Moving forward: Balancing the financial and emotional costs of business failure
Shepherd, D. A., Wiklund, J., & Haynie, J. M. (2007) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2007.10.002 · Cited by 521
Procrastination: When Good Things Don’t Come to Those Who Wait
Klingsieck, K. B. (2013) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000138 · Cited by 483
Reasons for Substantial Delay in Consumer Decision Making
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“I'll look after my health, later”: an investigation of procrastination and health
Sirois, F. M., Melia-Gordon, M. L., & Pychyl, T. A. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00326-4 · Cited by 292
Blunt, A. K., & Pychyl, T. A. (2000) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00091-4 · Cited by 271
Baumeister, R. F. (1997) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.1.2.145 · Cited by 268
Procrastination: self-regulation in initiating aversive goals.
Van Eerde, W. (2000) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/1464-0597.00021 · Cited by 231
“However, there appear to be individual differences in whether procrastinators are concerned with their behaviour ( Milgram & Naaman, 1996 ), and some do not experience regret or other negative psychological consequences.”
Backgroundvan Harreveld, F., Nohlen, H. U., & Schneider, I. K. (2015) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.01.002 · Cited by 183
“…and tasks are delayed when they are aversive, difficult, elicit negative affect, or when individuals are uncertain about the consequences of their decisions (e.g., Anderson, 2003; Hogarth, Michaud, & Mery, 1980; Milgram, Sroloff, & Rosenbaum, 1988; Solomon & Rothblum, 1984; Tversky & Shafir, 1992).”
Sirois, F. M. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2003.08.005 · Cited by 228
“…that the lower health-specific self-efficacy of procrastinators noted in the present study reflects a generalization of the global feelings of inability to successfully complete tasks that may characterize procrastination (Ferrari, 1992b; Martin et al., 1996; Milgram et al., 1988; Tuckman, 1991).”
BackgroundTurner, M. J. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01423 · Cited by 214
“Evidence indicates that individuals with discomfort intolerance are more likely to procrastinate on boring, difficult, or demanding tasks (Milgram et al., 1988), all of which are potential demand characteristics of athletic training and competition.”
BackgroundMoon, S. M., & Illingworth, A. J. (2004) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.04.009 · Cited by 215
Procrastinators lack a broad action perspective
Dewitte, S., & Lens, W. (2000) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0984(200003/04)14:2 · Cited by 109
Self-citationProcrastination, generalized or specific, in college students and their parents
Milgram, N. A., Mey-Tal, G., & Levison, Y. (1998) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00044-0 · Cited by 200
Self-citationConstrual Level and Procrastination
McCrea, S. M., Liberman, N., Yaacov Trope, B., & Sherman, S. J. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02240.x · Cited by 188
Cho, C.-H., Kang, J., & Cheon, H. J. (2006) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9.261 · Cited by 181
“decisions or tasks in different contexts: daily tasks, 32 personal projects, 25 and term-paper writing by students.”
Academic procrastination: The pattern and correlates of behavioural postponement
Howell, A. J., Watson, D., Powell, R. A., & Buro, K. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.023 · Cited by 188
Perfectionism and motivation of adolescents in academic contexts.
Bong, M., Hwang, A., Noh, A., & Kim, S. (2014) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035836 · Cited by 199
“Milgram, Sroloff, and Rosenbaum (1988) provided yet another interesting account of the strong perfectionism–procrastination link.”
BackgroundHow Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations
Svartdal, F., Dahl, T. I., Gamst-Klaussen, T., Koppenborg, M., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.540910 · Cited by 159
Procrastination in Different Life-Domains: Is Procrastination Domain Specific?
Klingsieck, K. B. (2013) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-013-9171-8 · Cited by 155
Correlates of academic procrastination: discomfort, task aversiveness, and task capability.
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Self-citationCOMPONENTS OF PERFECTIONISM AND PROCRASTINATION IN COLLEGE STUDENTS
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Academic Procrastination: Associations with Personal, School, and Family Variables
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Procrastinators and fear of failure: an exploration of reasons for procrastination
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It’s too difficult! Frustration intolerance beliefs and procrastination
Harrington, N. (2005) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.12.018 · Cited by 138
An assessment of appraisal, anxiety, coping, and procrastination during an examination period
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Correlates of academic procrastination
Milgram, N. A., Batori, G., & Mowrer, D. (1993) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-4405(93)90033-f · Cited by 107
Self-citationSelf-control under stress: The role of learned resourcefulness
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Self-citationWhy Students Procrastinate: A Qualitative Approach
Klingsieck, K. B., Grund, A., Schmid, S., & Fries, S. (2013) · Journal of College Student Development · doi:10.1353/csd.2013.0060 · Cited by 128
Strong, bold, and kind: self-control and cooperation in social dilemmas
Kocher, M. G., Martinsson, P., Myrseth, K. O. R., & Wollbrant, C. (2016) · Experimental Economics · doi:10.1007/s10683-015-9475-7 · Cited by 79
“…(Rosenbaum and Smira 1986; Rosenbaum 1989), coping with mental disability (Rosenbaum and Palmon 1984), coping with seasickness (Rosenbaum and Rolnick 1983), quitting smoking (Katz and Singh 1986), saving over spending (Romal and Kaplan 1995), and curtailing procrastination (Milgram et al. 1988).”
Pychyl, T. A., & Little, B. R. (1998) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1023/a:1006970504138 · Cited by 82
Counseling and psychotherapy of work dysfunctions.
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“Email: leonard.reinecke@uni-mainz.de The phenomenon of procrastination, loosely defined as “putting off for tomorrow what one should do today” (Milgram et al., 1988: 197), is as old as mankind.”
BackgroundMotie, H., Heidari, M., & Alsadat, S. M. (2012) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.02.023 · Cited by 68
Lay, C. H., & Brokenshire, R. (1997) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-997-1017-9 · Cited by 70
Perceptions of Self-concept and Self-presentation by Procrastinators: Further Evidence
Ferrari, J. R., & Díaz‐Morales, J. F. (2007) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/s113874160000634x · Cited by 68
Situational and Personal Determinants of Academic Procrastination
Milgram, N. A., Dangour, W., & Ravi, A. (1992) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.1992.9921166 · Cited by 68
Self-citationProcrastination and counterfactual thinking: Avoiding what might have been
Sirois, F. M. (2004) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/0144666041501660 · Cited by 73
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Ambivalence and Coping Responses in Post-Adoptive Information Systems Use
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Procrastination during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review
Unda‐López, A., Osejo-Taco, G., Vinueza-Cabezas, A., Paz, C., & Hidalgo-Andrade, P. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12020038 · Cited by 77
“Procrastination has been studied in different contexts, including academic [9–11], work [12], daily life [13], and health [14].”
BackgroundProcrastination and emotional upset: A typological model
Milgram, N. A., Gehrman, T., & Keinan, G. (1992) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(92)90173-m · Cited by 58
Self-citationProcrastination, busyness and bingeing
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TIME STRUCTURE AND PROCRASTINATION
Vodanovich, S. J., & Seib, H. M. (1997) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1997.80.1.211 · Cited by 48
Purchase deadline as a moderator of the effects of price uncertainty on search duration
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Tangible Temptation in the Social Dilemma: Cash, Cooperation, and Self-ControlPreprint
Myrseth, K. O. R., Riener, G., & Wollbrant, C. E.-P. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2270485 · Cited by 52
“…(Rosenbaum & Palmon, 1984); 8 The Rosenbaum Self-Control Schedule (1980a) is included in Appendix B. 13 managing seasickness (Rosenbaum & Rolnick, 1983); quitting smoking (Katz & Singh, 1986); saving over spending (Romal & Kaplan, 1995); and curtailing procrastination (Milgram et al., 1988).”
Social comparisons by procrastinators: rating peers with similar or dissimilar delay tendencies
Ferrari, J. R., & Patel, T. (2004) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.02.006 · Cited by 47
Decisional and behavioral procrastination: How they relate to self-discrepancies.
Orellana-Damacela, L., Tindale, R. S., & Suarez‐Balcazar, Y. (2000) · Loyola eCommons (Loyola University of Chicago) · Cited by 47
Social dilemmas: When self-control benefits cooperation
Martinsson, P., Myrseth, K. O. R., & Wollbrant, C. (2014) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2014.09.004 · Cited by 59
Psychological analysis of consumer intertemporal decisions
Malkoc, S. A., & Zauberman, G. (2018) · Consumer Psychology Review · doi:10.1002/arcp.1048 · Cited by 27
“Although consumers procrastinate all sorts of tasks, the tendency is especially acute when they perceive tasks as unpleasant (Milgram et al., 1988), such as studying or exercising.”
Milgram, N. A., & Naaman, N. (1996) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(96)00018-9 · Cited by 41
Self-citationBielinis, E., Simkin, J., Puttonen, P., & Tyrväinen, L. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17145109 · Cited by 38
“This type of behavior, consisting of non-compliance with deadlines for psychological reasons, is called procrastination [60].”
BackgroundTrait Procrastination Among Dental Students in India and Its Influence on Academic Performance
Madhan, B., Kumar, C. S., Naik, E. S., Panda, S., Gayathri, H., & Barik, A. K. (2012) · Journal of Dental Education · doi:10.1002/j.0022-0337.2012.76.10.tb05397.x · Cited by 44
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Academic Procrastination Behaviour of Pre-service Teachers’ of Celal Bayar University
Pala, A., Akyıldız, M., & Bağcı, C. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.381 · Cited by 36
Strong, Bold, and Kind: Self-Control and Cooperation in Social DilemmasPreprint
Kocher, M. G., Myrseth, K. O. R., Martinsson, P., & Wollbrant, C. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1988286 · Cited by 35
Individual differences in resting-state functional connectivity predict procrastination
Wu, Y., Li, L., Yuan, B., & Tian, X. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.016 · Cited by 43
Nudging the Classroom: Designing a Socio-Technical Artifact to Reduce Academic Procrastination
Rodriguez, J., Piccoli, G., & Bartosiak, M. (2019) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2019.533 · Cited by 35
“Virtually everyone procrastinates, to a greater or lesser extent, in their everyday life [4].”
BackgroundPittman, T. S., Tykocinski, O. E., Keinan, R., & Matthews, P. A. (2007) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.576 · Cited by 33
Attributions of Responsibility and Blame for Procrastination Behavior
Rahimi, S., Hall, N. C., & Pychyl, T. A. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01179 · Cited by 41
“Procrastination research further suggests that individuals are more likely to postpone tasks that are unpleasant (Milgram et al., 1988; Blunt and Pychyl, 2000) or when task rewards are more distal (Steel, 2007).”
BackgroundExplanation of academic procrastination from self-esteem, state anxiety, self-efficacy
Aydoğan, D., & Özbay, Y. (2012) · Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction · doi:10.14527/c2s3m1 · Cited by 34
The ABC of academic procrastination: Functional analysis of a detrimental habit
Svartdal, F., & Løkke, J. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1019261 · Cited by 69
“Physical effort is itself inherently aversive (Eisenberger, 1992), and individuals are more likely to procrastinate on effort-demanding tasks (Milgram et al., 1988).”
BackgroundThe Relationship between Frustration Intolerance and Academic Achievement in College
Wilde, J. (2012) · International Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.5430/ijhe.v1n2p1 · Cited by 29
Relationship between Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Procrastination
San, Y. L., Roslan, S. B., & Sabouripour, F. (2016) · American Journal of Applied Sciences · doi:10.3844/ajassp.2016.459.466 · Cited by 38
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Empower, not impose!—Preventing academic procrastination
Hoppe, J. D., Prokop, P., & Rau, R. (2018) · Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community · doi:10.1080/10852352.2016.1198172 · Cited by 31
Stenseng, F., Steinsholt, I. B., Hygen, B. W., & Kraft, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1035196 · Cited by 27
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“Task evasiveness is described as “dysphoric affect” (Milgram et al., 1988, as cited in Steel, 2007, p. 68) or “task appeal” (Harris & Sutton, 1983, as cited in Steel, 2007, p. 68); that is, a person who finds a situation or action unpleasant is more likely to avoid it.”
Examining the Self of Chronic Procrastinators: Actual, Ought, and Undesired Attributes
Ferrari, J. R., Driscoll, M. W., & Díaz‐Morales, J. F. (2007) · Individual Differences Research · doi:10.65030/idr.05009 · Cited by 19
Gao, B., Wijaya, T. T., He, Y., Ma, H., & Li-bao, W. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105020 · Cited by 23
Tangible temptation in the social dilemma: Cash, cooperation, and self-control.
Myrseth, K. O. R., Riener, G., & Wollbrant, C. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience Psychology and Economics · doi:10.1037/npe0000035 · Cited by 69
Past Negative Consequences of Unnecessary Delay as a Marker of Procrastination
Svartdal, F., & Nemtcan, E. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.787337 · Cited by 23
An Exploratory Study on Personality Traits and Procrastination Among University Students
Lai, C. S. (2015) · American Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.11648/j.ajap.s.2015040301.14 · Cited by 16
“[23] examined procrastination on everyday tasks and found that procrastination was associated with "covert negativism".”
BackgroundInfluence of decision-making styles and affective styles on academic procrastination among students
Vany Mol, K. S., Rajkumar, E., Lakshmı, R., Romate, J., Sunny, S. M., George, A. J., Pawar, S., & Abraham, J. (2023) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2023.2203598 · Cited by 20
“Life routine procrastination is when the person is unable to schedule daily life activities and follow the routine as per schedule (Milgram et al., 1988).”
BackgroundErteleme: Türleri, Bileşenleri, Demografik Etkenler ve Kültürel Farklılıklar
Uzun, B., & Demir, A. (2015) · Ege Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.12984/eed.09571 · Cited by 21
“Don’t Mind If I Do”: The Role of Behavioral Resistance in Self-Control’s Effects on Behavior
Gillebaart, M., & Kroese, F. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00396 · Cited by 15
“Task aversiveness can be defined as the extent to which a task or behavior is perceived to be unpleasant or unenjoyable to perform (Milgram et al., 1988; Blunt and Pychyl, 2000), and is an important cause of procrastinating performance of different types of behaviors such as studying (Milgram et al.”
BackgroundDilmaç, B. (2017) · Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology · doi:10.25115/ejrep.v7i19.1332 · Cited by 15
Savaş, B. Ç., TURAN, M., & Asan, S. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03510-5 · Cited by 24
“Milgram et al. [31] noted that there are five types of procrastination: general procrastination, academic procrastination, decision-making procrastination, neurotic procrastination, and compulsive procrastination [32].”
Düşmez, İ., & Barut, Y. (2016) · Participatory Educational Research · doi:10.17275/per.15.36.3.1 · Cited by 13
Prokrastynacja i prokrastynatorzy. Definicja, etiologia, epidemiologia i terapia
Markiewicz, K. (2019) · Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska sectio J – Paedagogia-Psychologia · doi:10.17951/j.2018.31.3.195-213 · Cited by 14
Escala de Procrastinação Ativa: evidências de validade fatorial e consistência interna
Gouveia, V. V., Pessoa, V. S., Coutinho, M. D. L., Barros, I. C. D. S., & da Fonseca, A. A. (2014) · Psico-USF · doi:10.1590/1413-82712014019002008 · Cited by 16
BAŞPINAR, N. Ö. (2020) · Journal of Turkish Studies · doi:10.29228/turkishstudies.41436 · Cited by 13
Naderi, K., Doost, H. T. N., & Talebi, H. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Research in Paramedical Sciences · doi:10.5812/jcrps.100923 · Cited by 12
Kamber, E., Fuke, T. S. S., Alunni, M., & Mahy, C. E. V. (2023) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2023.09.002 · Cited by 18
“Milgram et al. (1988, 1998) explained the relation between adults ’ emotional responses and procrastination using the Appraisal-Anxiety-Avoidance model.”
BackgroundMethodResultWieland, L. M., Ebner‐Priemer, U., Limberger, M. F., & Nett, U. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.695927 · Cited by 20
Procrastination in Daily Living
Milgram, N. A. (1988) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1988.63.3.752 · Cited by 12
Self-citationShao, J., & Ulrike Gretzel, B. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-211-99407-8_17 · Cited by 11
Joubert, C. P. (2015) · Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa) · Cited by 11
Sutriyono, S., Riyani, R., & Prasetya, B. E. A. (2012) · Satya Widya · doi:10.24246/j.sw.2012.v28.i2.p127-136 · Cited by 10
Ghadampour, E., & Beiranvand, K. (2019) · Advances in Cognitive Science · doi:10.30699/icss.21.3.31 · Cited by 10
Task Aversiveness Sebagai Prediktor Prokrastinasi Akademik Pada Mahasiswa
Putri, N. I., & Edwina, T. N. (2020) · Jurnal Studi Guru dan Pembelajaran · doi:10.30605/jsgp.3.1.2020.242 · Cited by 25
“Beberapa klinisi, peneliti dan ahli teori (misalnya Burka & Yuen, 1983; Milgram et al., 1988; Milgram, Dangour & Raviv, 1992) yang meneliti perilaku menunda telah membahas penolakan sebagai konsep penjelasan dari prokrastinasi.”
BackgroundBehnke, R. R., & Sawyer, C. R. (1999) · Communication Research Reports · doi:10.1080/08824099909388699 · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- Milgram, N. A., Sroloff, B., & Rosenbaum, M.
- Affiliations
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Milgram, Norman A.
- ORCID
- Rosenbaum, Michael
- Venue
- Journal of Research in Personality
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1988-06
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 197-212
- ISSN
- 0092-6566 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2030539120
- Cited by
- 201
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 2.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Research in Personality (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychological and Temporal Perspectives Research
- Keywords
- procrastination, routine tasks, university students, self-regulation, Type A behavior pattern, life satisfaction, cognitive appraisal, stress coping, scheduling, gender differences
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