The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 18 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Validation of open:closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat
Abstract
A novel test for the selective identification of anxiolytic and anxiogenic drug effects in the rat is described, using an elevated + -maze consisting of two open arms and two enclosed arms. The use of this test for detecting such drug effects was validated behaviourally, physiologically, and pharmacologically. Rats made significantly fewer entries into the open arms than into the closed arms, and spent significantly less time in open arms. Confinement to the open arms was associated with the observation of significantly more anxiety-related behaviours, and of significantly greater plasma corticosterone concentrations, than confinement to the closed arms. Neither novelty nor illumination was a significant contributor to the behaviour of the rats on the + -maze. A significant increase in the percentage of time spent on the open arms and the number of entries into the open arms was observed only within clinically effective anxiolytics (chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and, less effectively, phenobarbitone). Compounds that cause anxiety in man significantly reduced the percentage of entries into, and time spent on, the open arms (yohimbine, pentylenetetrazole, caffeine, amphetamine). Neither antidepressants nor major tranquilisers had a specific effect. Exposure to a holeboard immediately before placement on the + -maze showed that behaviour on the maze was not clearly correlated either with exploratory head-dipping or spontaneous locomotor activity.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The elevated plus-maze is based on the rat's natural conflict between its exploratory drive and its innate fear of elevated, open and novel spaces (Pellow et al., 1985).”
From Sex-specific modulation of juvenile social play behavior by vasopressin and oxytocin depends on social context (2014) · cites this paper as Pellow et al., 1985
In the citing paper
“In the elevated plus maze (EPM), anxious mice avoid the open arms of the maze in favor of the walled arms35.”
From Resolving the neural circuits of anxiety (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
Citations
Cites
Handley, S. L., & Mithani, S. (1984) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00504983 · Cited by 974
The relation between fear induced by novel stimulation and exploratory drive.
Montgomery, K. C. (1955) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0043788 · Cited by 916
File, S. E. (1980) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/0165-0270(80)90012-6 · Cited by 820
Self-citationDRUG INTERACTIONS AT THE GABA RECEPTOR-IONOPHORE COMPLEX
Olsen, R. W. (1982) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.22.040182.001333 · Cited by 694
Validity of head-dipping as a measure of exploration in a modified hole-board
File, S. E., & Wardill, A. G. (1975) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00421184 · Cited by 670
Self-citationJacobs, H. L., & Barnett, S. A. (1966) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1420909 · Cited by 636
Charney, D. S., Heninger, G. R., & Redmond, D. E. (1983) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(83)90707-5 · Cited by 348
Greaves, J. H., & Barnett, S. A. (1977) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.2307/2402575 · Cited by 294
STRESS, AROUSAL, AND THE PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM: A PSYCHOENDOCRINE HYPOTHESIS
Hennessy, J. W., & Levine, S. (1979) · Cited by 237
Margules, D. L., & Stein, L. (1968) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00401620 · Cited by 231
File, S. E., & Hyde, J. R. G. (1979) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(79)90298-3 · Cited by 187
Self-citationCaffeine: relationship to human anxiety, plasma MHPG and cortisol.
Uhde, T. W., Boulenger, J.-P., Jimerson, D. C., & Post, R. M. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 96
Charney, D. S., Galloway, M. P., & Heninger, G. R. (1984) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(84)90132-2 · Cited by 95
Are the anxiogenic effects of yohimbine mediated by its action at benzodiazepine receptors?
Pellow, S., Chopin, P., & File, S. E. (1985) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(85)90303-9 · Cited by 95
Self-citationMetrazol tolerance in a “normal” volunteer population
Rodin�, E. (1958) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(58)90005-1 · Cited by 90
File, S. E. (1984) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/0028-3908(84)90113-8 · Cited by 89
Self-citationMETRAZOL TOLERANCE IN A “NORMAL” VOLUNTEER POPULATION
Rodin, E. A., & Calhoun, H. D. (1970) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-197006000-00003 · Cited by 82
Smith, B. J. (2003) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b14760-28 · Cited by 50
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Handley, 1984, Effects on punished responding of drugs acting at α-adrenoceptors, Br. J. Pharmac., 82, 341P
- Prado de Carvalho, 1983, Anxiogenic properties of convulsive agents, Soc. Neurosci. Abstracts, 9, 128
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bravo, J. A., Forsythe, P., Chew, M. V., Escaravage, E., Savignac, H. M., Dinan, T. G., Bienenstock, J., & Cryan, J. F. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1102999108 · Cited by 3,888
The use of the elevated plus maze as an assay of anxiety-related behavior in rodents
Walf, A. A., & Frye, C. A. (2007) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2007.44 · Cited by 3,035
Avena, N. M., Rada, P., & Hoebel, B. G. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.04.019 · Cited by 1,358
Saxe, M. D., Battaglia, F., Wang, J.-W., Malleret, G., David, D. J., Monckton, J. E., Garcia, A. D. R., Sofroniew, M. V., Kandel, E. R., Santarelli, L., et al. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0607207103 · Cited by 1,020
Reduced fear expression after lesions of the ventral hippocampus
Kjelstrup, K. G., Tuvnes, F. A., Steffenach, H.-A., Murison, R., Moser, E. I., & Moser, M.-B. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.152112399 · Cited by 912
Metadata
- Authors
- Pellow, S., Chopin, P., File, S. E., & Briley, M.
- Affiliations
- University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Pellow, Sharon
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroscience Methods
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1985-08
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 149-167
- ISSN
- 0165-0270 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2041561931
- Cited by
- 5,822
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 142 · 2025: 168 · 2024: 169 · 2023: 169 · 2022: 179 · 2021: 217 · 2020: 224 · 2019: 229 · 2018: 227 · 2017: 225 · 2016: 209 · 2015: 215 · 2014: 269 · 2013: 235 · 2012: 222
- FWCI
- 11.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience Methods (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- elevated plus maze, anxiety, open arm entries, anxiolytics, anxiogenic drugs, corticosterone, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, phenobarbital, yohimbine, pentylenetetrazole, caffeine, amphetamine, antidepressants, antipsychotic drugs, locomotor activity, rat behavior
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Animals, Anxiety, Behavior, Animal, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Light, Male, Psychological Tests, Psychotropic Drugs, Rats, Inbred Strains, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
