The use of the elevated plus maze as an assay of anxiety-related behavior in rodents
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The elevated plus maze is a widely used behavioral assay for rodents and it has been validated to assess the anti-anxiety effects of pharmacological agents and steroid hormones, and to define brain regions and mechanisms underlying anxiety-related behavior. Briefly, rats or mice are placed at the junction of the four arms of the maze, facing an open arm, and entries/duration in each arm are recorded by a video-tracking system and observer simultaneously for 5 min. Other ethological parameters (i.e., rears, head dips and stretched-attend postures) can also be observed. An increase in open arm activity (duration and/or entries) reflects anti-anxiety behavior. In our laboratory, rats or mice are exposed to the plus maze on one occasion; thus, results can be obtained in 5 min per rodent.
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Improper and inconsistent handling of rodents within a treatment group may skew any results obtained.
“Of course, improper and inconsistent handling of rodents within a treatment group may skew any results obtained (Walf and Frye, 2007).”
From The Epigenetics of Anxiety Pathophysiology: A DNA Methylation and Histone Modification Focused Review (2023) · cites this paper as Walf and Frye, 2007
SAPAP3−/− show increased anxiety-like behavior on different paradigms, indicating a broad anxiety phenotype.
“Thus, SAPAP3−/− show increased anxiety‐like behavior on different paradigms, indicating a broad anxiety phenotype.”
From Behavioral flexibility in a mouse model for obsessive‐compulsive disorder: Impaired Pavlovian reversal learning in SAPAP3 mutants (2019) · cites this paper as [50]
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- Authors
- Walf, A. A., & Frye, C. A.
- Affiliations
- University at Albany, State University of New York (US)
- Corresponding author
- Walf, Alicia A
- Frye, Cheryl A
- Venue
- Nature Protocols
- Published
- 2007-02
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 322-328
- ISSN
- 1750-2799 (ISSN-L)
- 1754-2189
- PMC
- PMC3623971
- OpenAlex
- W1964160578
- Cited by
- 3,035
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 243 · 2025: 273 · 2024: 282 · 2023: 250 · 2022: 268 · 2021: 278 · 2020: 233 · 2019: 208 · 2018: 171 · 2017: 150 · 2016: 142 · 2015: 128 · 2014: 96 · 2013: 87 · 2012: 70
- FWCI
- 11.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Protocols (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0316083)
- U.S. Department of Defense (BC051001)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH06769801, R01MH067698)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- elevated plus maze, anxiety-like behavior, anxiolytic effects, anxiolytics, steroid hormones, video tracking, rats, mice
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anxiety, Data Collection, Exploratory Behavior, Observation, Mice, Rats
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