Cited by 1,044Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingPsychological Testing and Assessment

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The Hamilton Anxiety Scale: reliability, validity and sensitivity to change in anxiety and depressive disorders

Maier, Wolfgang, Buller, Raimund, Philipp, Michael, Heuser, Isabella·1988·Journal of Affective Disorders

DOI 10.1016/0165-0327(88)90072-9

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Abstract

The Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) was tested for reliability and validity in two different samples, one sample (n = 97) defined by anxiety disorders, the other sample (n = 101) defined by depressive disorders. The reliability and the concurrent validity of the HAM-A and its subscales proved to be sufficient. Internal validity tested by latent structure analysis was insufficient. The major problems with the HAM-A are that (1) anxiolytic and antidepressant effects cannot be clearly distinguished; (2) the subscale of somatic anxiety is strongly related to somatic side effects. The applicability of the HAM-A in anxiolytic treatment studies is therefore limited. More specific anxiety scales are needed.

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“In order to quantify the anxiety symptoms, the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale-14 (HAMA-14) was administered [15].”
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“Finally, the HAM-A measures the symptoms of anxiety, with a total score ranging from 0 to 56, as follows: 0–13 (normal range), 14–17 (mild), 18–24 (moderate), and over 25 (severe).”
Influential
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“, flushing, rapid heart rate, faintness, sweaty skin, dry mouth) (Maier et al., 1988).”
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“85) although a few of the individual items showed validity coefficients not significantly different from zero [45].”
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ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNE VERİLEN MEME KANSERİ VE KENDİ KENDİNE MEME MUAYENESİNE YÖNELİK EĞİTİMİN ÖĞRENCİLERİN KAYGI DÜZEYİNE VE SAĞLIK İNANÇLARINA ETKİSİ
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“0-4 arası puan aralığı anksiyetenin olmadığını, 5-17 arası hafif derecede anksiyeteyi, 18-24 orta derecede anksiyeteyi, 25 üstü puan ise şiddetli ve ağır derecede anksiyete olduğunu göstermektedir (18).”
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“In addition, the HAM-A exhibits good construct validity, showing statistically significant relationships with independent self-report measures of generalized anxiety and other anxiety variables (Hamilton, 1959; Maier et al., 1988).”
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“As demo graphic variables, hemodynamic parameters, sedation sc ring, Hamilton anxiety scoring [12,13] shown in table 1, 2,3 4 respectively.”
Method
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“Neuropsychological data included daily functioning assessment (Functional Activities Questionnaire, FAQ) [31], mood status evaluations (Hamilton Depression Scale, HAMD [32]; Hamilton Anxiety Scale, HAMA [33]), and cognitive function assessments.”
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“Each item is scored on a scale of 0 (not present) to 4 (severe), with a total score range of 0–56,where below17 indicates mild severity, 18–24 mild to moderate severity, and 25–30 moderate to severe.([15]) NRS is an 11-point numeric visual analog scale.”
Background
Symptomatic and Therapeutic Significance of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Comorbidity in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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A contribution to the French validation of the clinical anxiety scale amongst health care workers in Switzerland
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“…range of 0 to 56, which reflects the varying intensity of anxiety symptoms However, some concerns have been raised on its inaccuracy in discriminating somatic anxiety from antidepressant side effects [10], and for its time-consuming and potentially unreliable administration by physicians [11, 27].”
Background
Increased plasma GPNMB levels in patients with parkinson’s disease and cognitive impairment
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“Neuropsychiatric symptoms were assessed with the following scales: the 14-point Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) 26 , 17-point Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) 27 , REM sleep behavior disorder questionnaire-HongKong (RBDQ-HK) 28 , Argentine hyposmia rating scale (AHRS) 29 , Parkinson’s Disease Sleep…”

Authors: Maier, W., Buller, R., Philipp, M., & Heuser, I.
Affiliations: Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
Corresponding author: Maier, Wolfgang
ORCID: Maier, Wolfgang
Buller, Raimund
Heuser, Isabella
Venue: Journal of Affective Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1988-01
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Pages: 61-68
ISSN: 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0165-0327(88)90072-9
OpenAlex: W2021803359
Cited by: 1,044
References: 15
Citations by year: 2026: 102 · 2025: 132 · 2024: 122 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 81 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 4.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, psychometric validation, reliability statistics, concurrent validity, internal validity, latent structure analysis, anxiolytic treatment, antidepressant effects, sensitivity to change
MeSH terms: Agoraphobia, Alprazolam, Amitriptyline, Anxiety Disorders, Clinical Trials as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Imipramine, Panic, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Random Allocation

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The Hamilton Anxiety Scale: reliability, validity and sensitivity to change in anxiety and depressive disorders

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