The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Reliability and validity of the positive and negative syndrome scale for schizophrenics
Abstract
The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was developed out of the need for a well-operationalized method of assessing these syndromes in schizophrenia, including their relationship to one another and to global psychopathology. We surveyed 82 acute and chronic schizophrenics to analyze the psychometric properties of the four PANSS scales. The interrater reliabilities were in the 0.80's, and significant correlations emerged with corresponding criterion measures. The PANSS positive and negative scales were inversely intercorrelated once their shared association with general psychopathology had been partialed out. The results support the scales' reliability, criterion-related validity, and construct validity, while cross-validating some of our previous findings.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Psychometric studies have reported good inter-rater reliability and satisfactory internal consistency, construct validity, and concurrent validity in relation to other measures of psychopathology (Kay et al., 1988; 1989).”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for depression following psychosis: An examination of clinically significant change (2015) · cites this paper as Kay et al., 1988
Citations
Cites
The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia.
Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., & Opler, L. A. (1987) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/13.2.261 · Cited by 21,378
The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale.
Overall, J. E., & Gorham, D. R. (1962) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1962.10.3.799 · Cited by 11,090
(1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 8,899
Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: Definition and Reliability
Andreasen, N. C. (1982) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290070020005 · Cited by 2,247
Negative v Positive Schizophrenia
Andreasen, N. C. (1982) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290070025006 · Cited by 2,008
Positive and Negative Schizophrenic Symptoms and the Role of Dopamine
Crow, T. J. (1980) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/s0007125000071919 · Cited by 563
Treatment of Negative Symptoms
Carpenter, W. T., Heinrichs, D. W., & Alphs, L. D. (1985) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/11.3.440 · Cited by 508
Symptomatic and Neuropsychological Components of Defect States
Bilder, R. M., Mukherjee, S., Rieder, R. O., & Pandurangi, A. K. (1985) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/11.3.409 · Cited by 504
Angrist, B., Rotrosen, J., & Gershon, S. (1980) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00433802 · Cited by 344
Positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia
Rosen, W. G., Mohs, R. C., Johns, C. A., Small, N. S., Kendler, K. S., Horvath, T., & Davis, K. L. (1984) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(84)90075-1 · Cited by 238
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Kay, 1981, Arousal in schizophrenia: Toward a dual-process model and framework for research, JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 11, 35
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–998 of 998
Reilly, E. S. (2011) · Enlighten: Theses (The University of Glasgow)
Symptom-Specific Rating Scales in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinical Practice
Hirschtritt, M. E., & Bedoya, D. (2011) · Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology News · doi:10.1521/capn.2011.16.4.6
disorder and schizophrenia Patterns of neurocognitive impairment in first-episode bipolar
Barrett, S., Mulholland, C. C., Cooper, S. J., & Rushe, T. (2013)
Cognitive therapy for the prevention of psychosis Cognitive therapy for the prevention of psychosis
Morrison, A. P., French, P., Walf, L. A., Shon, W., Wis, N. W. L., Kilcommons, A. M., & Bentall, R. P. (2004)
Measures of Global Functioning
Schutte, N. S., & Malouff, J. M. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1277-0_15
Ratto, L. R. C., Menezes, P. R., & Gulinelli, A. (2007) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.1590/s0034-89102007000400003
Setareh, J., حاجتی, غ. ر., Zarghami, M., Alaedini, F., & Mirzadeh, S. M. M. (2008) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)
Barja, C. T., & Campillo, R. C. (2014) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)
"Transtornos mentais graves na comunidade: um estudo em São Paulo"
Ratto, L. R. C. (2005) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2005.tde-27012006-094918
Traitement pharmacologique du premier épisode psychotique
Lambert, M., Conus, P., Lambert, T. J. R., & McGorry, P. D. (2005) · PSN · doi:10.1007/bf03020596
Orem, D. M. (2009) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research
Demily, C., & Chouinard, G. (2010)
Caredda, M., Pacitti, F., & Pancheri, P. (2006)
Brugnoli, R., Pacitti, F., Tarsitani, L., Rossi, A., Pancheri, P., & Pubblica, S. (2006)
Declarative Memory, Theory of Mind, and Community Functioning in Schizophrenia
Deptula, A. E. (2016) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research
Gómez, G., & Milena, A. (2012) · TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa)
Definition, Diagnostik und Therapie schizophrener Minussymptomatik
Müller-Spahn, F., Hock, C., & Kurtz, G. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-93565-7_4
The Effects of Varenicline on Neurocognitive Function in Non-smokers with Schizophrenia
Kozak, K. (2016) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Trotta, A. (2016) · Research Portal (King's College London)
Mitchell, G., Stanbury, C., & Arnold, S. (2004) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4039-9756-2_22
Goodman, M. S. (2015) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
The Effects of Atypical Antipsychotics on Implicit Reward Learning in Schizophrenia
Bradford, L. (2015) · QSpace (Queen's University Library)
Trauma and psychosis: investigating the role of post-traumatic intrusions, schemas and avoidance
Peach, N. (2016) · Minerva Access (University of Melbourne)
Mackowick, M. K. (2014) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
The cognitive and behavioural consequences of psychotic experiences
Tully, S. (2017) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)
Abnormal emotional experience in schizophrenia
Callaway, D. A. (2012) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_theses.2080
Understanding recovery in psychosis
Law, H. (2014) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)
Schennach, R., Riedel, M. J., Spellmann, I., Musil, R., Obermeier, M., Jäger, M., Bottlender, R., Schmauß, M., Laux, G., & Möller, H. (2018) · Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1055/a-0669-9461
Service engagement in psychosis: the role of psychological variables
Murray, C., & Reid, C. (2018) · ERA
Persistent Post-Concussive Psychiatric Problems
Victoroff, J. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139696432.012
Bray, P. (2005) · Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey)
Roberts, D. L. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/qaak-4432
Assessment of Violent and Sexually Violent Offenders
Hornsveld, R. H. J., Kraaimaat, F. W., Nunes, K. L., & Palmer, E. J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27840-3_4
أبوالعطا, م. أ. ح., & محمود, م. إ. س. (2016) · مجلة کلیة الآداب جامعة الفیوم · doi:10.21608/jfafu.2016.62326
Christie, A. M. (2006) · Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey)
Attachment, self and social knowledge, and distress in psychosis : a research portfolio
Potter, H. (2019) · ERA
Tratamiento combinado de clozapina y litio para la esquizofrenia y el trastorno esquizoafectivo
Moldavsky, M., Stein, D. J., Benatov, R., Sirota, P., Elizur, A., Matzner, Y., & Weizman, A. (2000) · European psychiatry (Ed Española) · doi:10.1017/s1134066500007955
Modai, I., Ritsner, M., Kurs, R., Mendel, S., & Ponizovsky, A. M. (2002) · European psychiatry (Ed Española) · doi:10.1017/s1134066500009048
Matei, V. P., Mihăilescu, A. I., Gheorghe, I.-R., Grigoraș, R., Crasan, A., Roşca, A., & Popa-Velea, O. (2020) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s246492
Berlin, I., Givry-Steiner, L., Lecrubier, Y., & Puech, A. J. (1999) · European psychiatry (Ed Española) · doi:10.1017/s113406650000014x
Dietrichkeit, M., Grzella, K., Nagel, M., & Moritz, S. (2020) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000510168
Extrastriatal dopamine D2/3 receptors in schizophrenia
Tuppurainen, H. (2011) · UEF eRepo (University of Eastern Finland)
Morrison, A. P., Turkington, D., Pyle, M., Spencer, H. M., Brabban, A., Dunn, G., Christodoulides, T., Dudley, R., Chapman, N., Callcott, P., et al. (2016)
Lin, C.-C., Su, H., Shiea, J., & Huang, T. (2021) · Taiwanese Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/tpsy.tpsy_27_21
Medical writing for CNS indications
Nachman, G. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511977640.011
Li, Z., Zhu, M., Liu, Z., Hu, Q., Yang, J., Jin, Y., Zhu, N., Huang, Y., Shi, D., Liu, M., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1213529/v1
Bech, P. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118511800.refs
Psychoneurobiology Research and Personalized Treatment of Schizophrenia
Sumiyoshi, T. (2022) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-0365-2858-8
Risperidone for Extended-Release Injectable Suspension (Perseris)
Reimbursement Team (2021) · Canadian Journal of Health Technologies · doi:10.51731/cjht.2021.195
French, P., & Morrison, A. P. (2004) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470713259.refs
Shahini, N., Jazayeri, S. M. M. Z., Jahanshahi, R., & Charkazi, A. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1702374/v1
Taşçı, G., & Özsoy, F. (2022) · Çukurova medical journal (Online)/Çukurova medical journal · doi:10.17826/cumj.1128200
CADTH (2022) · Canadian Journal of Health Technologies · doi:10.51731/cjht.2022.466
Cardiac Dysfunction in People with Schizophrenia: Linking Clinical Outcome, the Heart, and the Brain
Nyveld, M. (2022) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2022-15252
CADTH (2023) · Canadian Journal of Health Technologies · doi:10.51731/cjht.2023.570
Accinni, T., Fanella, M., Frascarelli, M., Buzzanca, A., Kotzalidis, G. D., Putotto, C., Marino, B., Panzera, A., Moschillo, A., Pasquini, M., et al. (2023) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1155/2023/8546610
Neural Mechanisms and Cognitive Outcomes Of Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Transdiagnostic Approach
Watson, M. C. (2023) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2023-15545
Effectiveness of spironolactone on schizophrenia symptoms: A double-blind randomized clinical trial
Hoghoughi, N., Alizadeh, N. S., Maroufi, A., Rezaei, F., & Esfandiari, G.-R. (2023) · Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.32598/shenakht.10.4.119
Panchalingam, J., Horisberger, R., Corda, C., Kleisner, N., Krasnoff, J., Burrer, A., Spiller, T. R., Seifritz, E., & Homan, P. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/x3mub
Giguère, S., Beaudoin, M., Dellazizzo, L., Phraxayavong, K., Potvin, S., & Dumais, A. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.58499
Macro- and Micro-Structural Alterations in the Midbrain in Early PsychosisPreprint
Zhou, Z., Jones, K., Ivleva, E. I., & Colón-Pérez, L. M. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.04.10.588901
Classification of Neurocognition in Japanese Patients with Schizophrenia: A Cluster Analysis
Kurebayashi, Y., & Otaki, J. (2024) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1155/2024/3920137
Das, K., Nandhana, S., Kallan, S. B., Vignesh, R., & Bondade, S. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatry Spectrum · doi:10.4103/jopsys.jopsys_10_24
Exploring Suicide Methods in Sudan: Insights from General Hospitals
Abdalhai, K. A., Ahmed, M. H., Abdelghani, A. E., & Babiker, I. B. (2024) · Pan-African Journal of Health and Environmental Science · doi:10.56893/ajhes2024v03i01.04
He, X., Huang, Z., Wang, F. “., Jia, F., & Hou, C. (2024) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.13598 · Cited by 1
MRI-based analysis of WM structural brain changes in schizophrenia using clustering algorithms
Swathi, N., & Mathana, J. M. (2024) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0208717
Wu, G., Zhu, T., Ma, C., Xu, L., Qian, Z., Kong, G., Cui, H., Zhang, T., Wang, J., & Tang, Y. (2024) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2024.11.015
The Statistical Evaluation of Surrogate Endpoints in Clinical Trials
Molenberghs, G., Alonso, A., & der Elst, W. V. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-65937-9_9
CDA-AMC (2025) · Canadian Journal of Health Technologies · doi:10.51731/cjht.25.1060
Calderon, V., Vasquez, M. L., Uribe, C., Bearden, C. E., & Lopez, S. R. (2025) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-025-02308-w · Cited by 1
Zhou, Z., Jones, K., Ivleva, E. I., & Colón-Pérez, L. M. (2025) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0361-24.2025
Ihln, M., Poltoradnev, D., Rodríguez, M., Španiel, F., & Kopeček, M. (2025) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000545815
Relationship Between Cognitive and Daily Living Functions and Insight in Patients with Schizophrenia
Kim, S.-J., Jung, D.-U., Moon, J., & Kim, Y.-S. (2025) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.2025.2509466
A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF ISLAMIC SPIRITUAL PSYCHOTHERAPY APPROACH TO DRUG ADDICTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA
Novianty, H., Mohamad, A. D., Hamjah, S. H., & Ismail, Z. (2024) · Jurnal Al-Hikmah · doi:10.17576/alhikmah.2024.1602/519
O’Neill, J. R., Wilson, C., Horowitz, M. A., McLean, S. L., Faisal, M., Dixon, M., Couchman, L., Lawlor, K., & Crowther, G. J. E. (2025) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2025.10831 · Cited by 1
Ayesa‐Arriola, R., Martínez-Asensi, C., Díaz‐Pons, A., de la Foz, V. O., Parás, C., Mouslih, C. E., Sattari, R., Incera, S., & Palaniyappan, L. K. (2025) · Schizophrenia Research Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.scog.2025.100398
Li, Y., Yu, M., Yang, H., Shi, L., Wang, T., He, R., Liu, K., Dong, W., Liang, X., & Xiang, B. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725101803
Wippel, A., de Girolamo, G., Gosek, P., Heitzman, J., Iozzino, L., Markiewicz, I., Martella, D., Picchioni, M., Salize, H. J., Unger, A., et al. (2025) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-025-00668-0
Dimensions of Schizophrenia Spectrum Symptomatology and Time Perception: a Systematic Review
Konstantin, G. E., & Lenzenweger, M. F. (2025) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaf215
ÇORUM, E. N., DÜNDAR, E., Seitz, A. R., & Taş, C. (2025) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2025.2598272
Alenius, M. (2009) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Fässler, L., Ersöz, B., Hahne, I. M., Koop, S., & Böge, K. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1727156
Sexual functioning among spouses of individuals with schizophrenia: A clinical perspective
Prajapati, J. M., Rure, D., Mishra, D. K., Ahuja, S. K., Mishra, N., & Singh, A. (2026) · Industrial Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.4103/ipj.ipj_106_25
Bruun, C. F., Fredskild, M. U., Faurholt‐Jepsen, M., Vinberg, M., Kessing, L. V., & Munkholm, K. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106574
de With, J., van der Eng, K., Sommer, I. E., van der Pluijm, M., Schirmbeck, F. N., & de Haan, L. (2026) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.70152
Is it inside my head? Characterization of sound externalization in schizophrenia
Fivel, L., Lavandier, M., Grimault, N., Perrin, F., Mondino, M., & Haesebaert, F. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0345074 · Cited by 1
Cheng, K.-D., & Lung, F. (2026) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-026-07773-y
Willert, A., Mönch, M., Jäckel, D., Leopold, K., Grittner, U., Nischk, D., Senner, S., Falkai, P., Pogarell, O. M., Sachenbacher, S., et al. (2026) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-026-02236-8
Wada, A., Sumiyoshi, C., Stickley, A., 吉村直記, Yamada, Y., & Sumiyoshi, T. (2026) · Schizophrenia Research Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.scog.2026.100438
Metadata
- Authors
- Kay, S. R., Opler, L. A., & Lindenmayer, J.-P.
- Affiliations
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1988-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 99-110
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2100828552
- Cited by
- 1,007
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 8.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- PANSS, schizophrenia, psychometric properties, inter-rater reliability, criterion validity, construct validity, positive symptoms, negative symptoms, cross-validation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Prognosis, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review