Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: Definition and Reliability
Abstract
Recently, a renaissance of interest in "negative symptoms," eg, affective flattening or impoverishment of speech and language, has occurred. Although some investigators believe that these symptoms are important indicators of outcome, of response to treatment, and perhaps of a distinct, underlying pathologic process, research on the negative-symptom syndrome in schizophrenia has been handicapped because no standard instrument existed to assess it. This investigation reports on the developed Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. When symptoms are defined by objective behavioral indices, they have excellent interrater reliability. Furthermore, the five symptom complexes defined by the scale (affective flattening, alogia, avolition, anhedonia, and attentional impairment) have good internal consistency, which indicates that the conceptual organization of the scale is also cohesive.
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Performance on none of the neuropsychological tests was apparently related to the degree patients showed emotional and personality changes, except for a modest relation between confrontation naming and Factor 5.
“The first is that performance on none of the neuropsychological tests was apparently related to the degree that patients showed these characteristics”
From The ecological validity of tests of executive function (1998) · cites this paper as Andreasen, 1982
The SANS demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency and test-retest reliability.
“The tool demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.74 to 0.84) and test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.70 to 0.92).61”
From Dispositional Mindfulness and Psychotic Symptoms in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: The Mediating Roles of Rumination and Negative Emotion (2022) · cites this paper as [61]
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- Authors
- Andreasen, N. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- Corresponding author
- Andreasen, Nancy C.
- ORCID
- Andreasen, Nancy C.
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1982-07-01
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 784
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2089868642
- Cited by
- 2,247
- References
- 18
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- FWCI
- 18.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- negative symptoms, schizophrenia, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, affective flattening, alogia, avolition, anhedonia, attentional impairment, inter-rater reliability, internal consistency, symptom assessment tools
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Cognition, Humans, Hygiene, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Social Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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