Deficits in short-term memory in adult survivors of childhood abuse

“…a history of severe childhood physical and/or sexual abuse, as determined by the Early Trauma Inventory (ETI), and an Axis I psychiatric disorder on the basis of a semistructured interview, the Schedule for Affective Disorders and SchizophreniaLifetime version (SADS-L; Endicott and Spitzer, 1978).”

“1990; Uno et al., 1989) a brain structure that plays an important role in learning and memory (Squire and Zola-Morgan, 1991).”

“(4) The Visual Selective Reminding Procedure (ViSRT; Buschke and Fuld, 1974; Hannay and Levin, 1985) is a task modeled on the verbal selective reminding in which 12 designs are presented one at a time for 3 s each, followed by an opportunity for the subject to draw all from memory.”

“Deficits in verbal short-term memory, as measured by the Wechsler Memory Scale, were associated with decreased right hippocampal volume in these patients (Bremner et al., 1995b).”

“…1988; Swett et al., 1990) dissociation (Putnam et al., 1986; Chu and Dill, 1990; Ross et al., 1991) post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Greenwald and Leitenberg, 1990), borderline personality disorder (Herman et al., 1989; Ogata et al., 1990) alcohol and substance abuse (Ladwig and Anderson.”

“…between early trauma patients and comparison result in damage to neurons of the hippocampus subjects, it is of interest to note that there were (Sapolsky et al., 1988, 1990; Uno et al., 1989) a some relationships between IQ and abuse in this brain structure that plays an important role in…”

“…from the National Center for PTSD, based on clinical experience, a review of available existing instruments, and a survey of the clinical literature on childhood abuse (Finkelhor, 1979, 1986; Lewis et al., 1979; Herman, 1981; Herman et al., 1986; Russell, 1986; Briere and Runtz, 1987; Wyatt, 1885).”

“Rates of sexual abuse have been estimated from community samples to be from 11% to 62% in women (Russell, 1983; Finkelhor and Hotaling, 1984; Kercher and McShane, 1984; Wyatt, 1985) and from 3% to 39% in men (Finkelhor and Hotaling, 1984; Kercher and McShane, 1984).”

“…from the National Center for PTSD, based on clinical experience, a review of available existing instruments, and a survey of the clinical literature on childhood abuse (Finkelhor, 1979, 1986; Lewis et al., 1979; Herman, 1981; Herman et al., 1986; Russell, 1986; Briere and Runtz, 1987; Wyatt, 1885).”

“…including depression (Briere et al., 1988; Swett et al., 1990), anxiety (Briere et al., 1988; Swett et al., 1990) dissociation (Putnam et al., 1986; Chu and Dill, 1990; Ross et al., 1991) post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Greenwald and Leitenberg, 1990), borderline personality…”

“Overall severity of abuse, as measured by learning and memory, with associated deficits in the summed abuse severity score, was associated memory (Luine et al., 1994).”

“High levels of glucocorticoids released during stress have been shown to cause damage to neurons in the hippocampus (Sapolsky et al., 1988. 1990; Uno et al., 1989) a brain structure that plays an important role in learning and memory (Squire and Zola-Morgan, 1991).”

“(2) Two subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) were administered according to the Russell revision (Russell, 1975).”

“Although considerable variation exists with regard to the definition of childhood abuse (Kinsey et al., 1953; Finkelhor and Hotaling, 1984; Wyatt, 1985; Briere and Runtz, 1988), there are no empirical bases to justify the use of specific criteria.”

“Considerable evidence supports a relationship between stress and alterations in memory (review- ed in Charney et al., 1993; Bremner et al., 1995a).”

“1989: Brown and Anderson, 1991) and other psychiatric disorders (Green, 1978; Herman, 198 1; Carmen et al., 1984; Bryer et al.. 1987; Bulik et al., 1989; Hall et al., 1989; Palmer et al., 1990).”

“1989: Brown and Anderson, 1991) and other psychiatric disorders (Green, 1978; Herman, 198 1; Carmen et al., 1984; Bryer et al.. 1987; Bulik et al., 1989; Hall et al., 1989; Palmer et al., 1990).”

“Severity of physical abuse was released during stress that facilitate the laying associated with decreased performance IQ down of memory traces (Pitman, 1989; Pitman et (r = -0.50, df = 20, P = 0.022). al., 1993; Bremner et al., 1995a).”

“, 1993) in collaboration with colleagues from the National Center for PTSD, based on clinical experience, a review of available existing instruments, and a survey of the clinical literature on childhood abuse (Finkelhor, 1979, 1986; Lewis et al., 1979; Herman, 1981; Herman et al., 1986; Russell, 1986; Briere and Runtz…”

“Other studies in combat veterans and prisoners of war from World War II and the Vietnam war have documented amnesia and other dis- turbances of memory (Archibald and Tuddenham, 1965; Thygesen et al., 1970; Eitinger, 1980; Goldstein et al., 1987; Bremner et al., 1992, 1993b).”

“, 1993) in collaboration with colleagues from the National Center for PTSD, based on clinical experience, a review of available existing instruments, and a survey of the clinical literature on childhood abuse (Finkelhor, 1979, 1986; Lewis et al., 1979; Herman, 1981; Herman et al., 1986; Russell, 1986; Briere and Runtz…”

“, 1993) in collaboration with colleagues from the National Center for PTSD, based on clinical experience, a review of available existing instruments, and a survey of the clinical literature on childhood abuse (Finkelhor, 1979, 1986; Lewis et al., 1979; Herman, 1981; Herman et al., 1986; Russell, 1986; Briere and Runtz…”

“Other studies in Vietnam combat veterans have shown deficits in new learning and memory using different neuro- psychological tests than the Wechsler Memory Scale (Uddo et al., 1993; Yehuda et al., 1995).”

“Deficits in verbal short-term memory, as measured by the Wechsler Memory Scale, were associated with decreased right hippocampal volume in these patients (Bremner et al., 1995b).”

“Other studies in Vietnam combat veterans have shown deficits in new learning and memory using different neuro- psychological tests than the Wechsler Memory Scale (Uddo et al., 1993; Yehuda et al., 1995).”

“Other studies in combat veterans and prisoners of war from World War II and the Vietnam war have documented amnesia and other dis- turbances of memory (Archibald and Tuddenham, 1965; Thygesen et al., 1970; Eitinger, 1980; Goldstein et al., 1987; Bremner et al., 1992, 1993b).”

“…between early trauma patients and comparison result in damage to neurons of the hippocampus subjects, it is of interest to note that there were (Sapolsky et al., 1988, 1990; Uno et al., 1989) a some relationships between IQ and abuse in this brain structure that plays an important role in…”

“1989: Brown and Anderson, 1991) and other psychiatric disorders (Green, 1978; Herman, 198 1; Carmen et al., 1984; Bryer et al.. 1987; Bulik et al., 1989; Hall et al., 1989; Palmer et al., 1990).”

“, 1990), anxiety (Briere et al., 1988; Swett et al., 1990) dissociation (Putnam et al.”

“Empirical studies of short-term memory have shown deficits in short-term memory, as measured by the Logical component of the Wechsler Memory Scale, in prisoners of war in comparison to combat veterans without a history of containment during the Korean war (Sutker et al., 1988, 1991).”

“1989: Brown and Anderson, 1991) and other psychiatric disorders (Green, 1978; Herman, 198 1; Carmen et al., 1984; Bryer et al.. 1987; Bulik et al., 1989; Hall et al., 1989; Palmer et al., 1990).”

“Rates of sexual abuse have been estimated from community samples to be from 11% to 62% in women (Russell, 1983; Finkelhor and Hotaling, 1984; Kercher and McShane, 1984; Wyatt, 1985) and from 3% to 39% in men (Finkelhor and Hotaling, 1984; Kercher and McShane, 1984).”

“Neurotransmitters and neuropeptides released during stress also have the potential to result in an overconsolidation of memory traces, which may explain the existence of intrusive memories in patients with PTSD (Pit- man, 1989; Pitman et al., 1993; Bremner et al., 1995a).”

“…deficits in short-term verbal memory, as measured by the Logical component of the Wechsler Memory Scale and the Verbal Selective Reminding Test, with no change in IQ, in Vietnam combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in comparison to control subjects (Bremner et al., 1993a).”

“1989: Brown and Anderson, 1991) and other psychiatric disorders (Green, 1978; Herman, 198 1; Carmen et al., 1984; Bryer et al.. 1987; Bulik et al., 1989; Hall et al., 1989; Palmer et al., 1990).”

“, 1990), anxiety (Briere et al., 1988; Swett et al., 1990) dissociation (Putnam et al.”

“Other studies in combat veterans and prisoners of war from World War II and the Vietnam war have documented amnesia and other disturbances of memory (Archibald and Tuddenham, 1965; Thygesen et al., 1970; Eitinger, 1980; Goldstein et al., 1987; Bremner et al., 1992, 1993b).”

“In addition, early treatment interventions may prevent the long-term impairments in memory function, and hence academic performance, that appear to be associated with exposure to high levels of stress as occurs with childhood abuse (Saigh, 1989).”

“Five percent of soldiers in a major campaign in World War II had no memory for events which had just occurred immediately after they had participated as combatants (Torrie, 1944).”

“, 1990) dissociation (Putnam et al., 1986; Chu and Dill, 1990; Ross et al., 1991) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Greenwald and Leitenberg, 1990), borderline personality disorder (Herman et al.”

“Empirical studies of short-term memory have shown deficits in short-term memory, as measured by the Logical component of the Wechsler Memory Scale, in prisoners of war in comparison to combat veterans without a history of containment during the Korean war (Sutker et al., 1988, 1991).”

“Consistent with deficits in hippocampal function are deficits in verbal declarative memory (Bremner 1995) and failure of hippocampal hippocampal activation with memory tasks (Bremner 2003a) in adult women with early abuse-related PTSD. Children with PTSD have smaller whole brain and corpus callosum…”

“Favoring this are findings hinting that atrophy is more a correlate of trauma itself, rather than of PTSD.”

“We have previously reported interrater reliability data demonstrating a high level of agreement for hippocampus, temporal lobe, and caudate (Bremner et al 1995b).”