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Measuring meaning in life: An examination of three scales
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“people who endorse a strong sense of purpose in their lives also endorse greater meaning in life, self-esteem, happiness, and less stress about competing goals”
From Commitment to a purpose in life: An antidote to the suffering by individuals with social anxiety disorder. (2013) · cites this paper as Chamberlain & Zika, 1988
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FRANKL, V. E. (1946) · Cited by 3,910
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The Development of Meaning in Life†
Battista, J., & Almond, R. (1973) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.1973.11023774 · Cited by 603
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The scientific use of factor analysis in behavioral and life sciences
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Sorted by citations
The meaning in life questionnaire: assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life
Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80 · Cited by 4,843
“Having more meaning has been positively related to work enjoyment (Bonebright, Clay, & Ankenmann, 2000), life satisfaction (e.g., Chamberlain & Zika, 1988b), and happiness (Debats et al., 1993), among other measures of healthy psychological functioning.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSteger, M. F., Kashdan, T. B., Sullivan, B. A., & Lorentz, D. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00484.x · Cited by 1,111
Veenhoven, R. (2000) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1010072010360 · Cited by 792
The Eudaimonic and Hedonic Components of Happiness: Qualitative and Quantitative Findings
Delle Fave, A., Brdar, I., Freire, T., Vella-Brodrick, D., & Wissing, M. P. (2011) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-010-9632-5 · Cited by 723
“In particular, the increasing literature on meaning and the instruments developed to assess it have investigated the relationship of meaning with happiness, purpose in life, goal pursuit and achievement, and development of personal potentials (Chamberlain and Zika 1988; Linley et al. 2009; Morgan and Farsides 2009; St…”
BackgroundThe Four Qualities of Life Ordering Concepts and Measures of the Good Life
Veenhoven, R. (2013) · Happiness studies book series · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5702-8_11 · Cited by 698
Feldman, D. B., & Snyder, C. R. R. (2005) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.24.3.401.65616 · Cited by 451
Existential Meaning's Role in the Enhancement of Hope and Prevention of Depressive Symptoms
Mascaro, N., & Rosen, D. H. (2005) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00336.x · Cited by 399
“For instance, although an adequate amount of data supports the LRI-R-framework’s reliability and validity (Chamberlain & Zika, 1988a; Debats, 1990, 1999; Debats, Drost, & Hansen, 1995; Debats, Van Der Lubbe, & Wezeman, 1993; Harris & Standard, 2001; Van Ranst &Marcoen, 1997), as well as its…”
BackgroundBailey, T. H., & Phillips, L. J. (2016) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360.2015.1087474 · Cited by 356
“…optimism (Compton, Smith, Cornish, & Qualls, 1996; King et al., 2006), self-esteem (Steger, Frazier, Oishi, & Kaler, 2006) and life satisfaction (Chamberlain & Zika, 1988) as well as lower levels of depression, anxiety (Steger et al., 2006) and suicidal ideation (Harlow, Newcomb, & Bentler,…”
DeWitz, S. J., Woolsey, M. L., & Walsh, W. B. (2009) · Journal of college student development · doi:10.1353/csd.0.0049 · Cited by 314
“After investigation of two other inventories (i.e., Life Regard Index, Battista & Almond, 1973; and the Sense of Coherence Scale, Antonovsky, 1987), Chamberlain and Zika (1988) concluded that the PIL had the most utility for assessing meaning in life.”
MethodReligion and Positive Youth Development: Identity, Meaning, and Prosocial Concerns
Furrow, J. L., King, P. E., & White, K. (2004) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1207/s1532480xads0801_3 · Cited by 264
“Religion has been shown to have a positive impact on personal meaning (Chamberlain & Zika, 1988; Showalter & Wagener, 2000).”
BackgroundMorgan, J. R., & Farsides, T. (2007) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-007-9075-0 · Cited by 273
“With regards to the PIL, Dufton and Perlman (1986) extracted two factors interpreted as satisfaction and purpose; McGregor and Little (1998) extracted two factors interpreted as happiness and meaning; and Chamberlain and Zika (1988) extracted four factors interpreted as commitment and goal achievement, contentedness,…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialOn the psychometric properties of the life regard index (LRI): A measure of meaningful life
Debats, D. L., van der Lubbe, P. M., & Wezeman, F. R. A. (1993) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(93)90132-m · Cited by 249
“…goals (Battista and Almond 1973); Degree of inte - gration of personality (Orbach, et al. 1987); Religiosity, positive affect and life satisfaction (Chamberlain & Zika, 1988b); Fear of personal death factors i.e. loss of social identity and of self-fulfilment (Florian and Snowden, 1989); Pre -…”
BackgroundMethodSources of Meaning: An Investigation of Significant Commitments in Life
Debats, D. L. (1999) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022167899394003 · Cited by 206
“The factorial validity of the LRI was assessed by means of both exploratory (Chamberlain & Zika, 1988; Debats, 1990; Orbach et al., 1987) and confirmatory (Debats et al., 1993) factor analyses, which all confirmed the theoretical structure of the LRI.”
BackgroundMethodThe Role of Existential Meaning as a Buffer Against Stress
Mascaro, N., & Rosen, D. H. (2006) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022167805283779 · Cited by 206
“…Stress meaning has been found to be related, in the appropriately salubrious directions, to positive affect, negative affect, and life satisfaction (Chamberlain & Zika,1988b;Zika & Chamberlain, 1992); anxiety and depression (Debats, 1990; Debats et al., 1993; Zika & Chamberlain, 1992); happiness…”
BackgroundMental simulation and meaning in life.
Waytz, A., Hershfield, H. E., & Tamir, D. I. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038322 · Cited by 176
Systematic review of meaning in life assessment instruments
Brandstätter, M., Baumann, U., Borasio, G. D., & Fegg, M. J. (2012) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.2113 · Cited by 171
The development, construct validity, and clinical utility of the spiritual meaning scale
Mascaro, N., Rosen, D. H., & Morey, L. C. (2004) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2003.12.011 · Cited by 168
Subjective Measures of Well-being
Veenhoven, R. (2007) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230625600_9 · Cited by 167
“Chamberlain and Zika (1988) review some of the questionnaires of that kind.”
BackgroundSearching for meaning in negative events: concept analysis
Skaggs, B. G., & Barron, C. R. (2006) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03761.x · Cited by 162
Steger, M. F. (2006) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8603_03 · Cited by 154
“The most common method used in meaning research appears to have been PCA (see, e.g., Chamberlain & Zika, 1988).”
MethodMeaning in Life, Psychological Well-Being and Depressive Symptomatology: A Comparative Study
Kleftaras, G., & Psarra, E. (2012) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2012.34048 · Cited by 179
“…the factorial analysis of PIL test, some studies have concluded that PIL test is a uni-dimensional scale (Garfield, 1973; Zeitchik, 2001), while others have found that the questionnaire contains more than one dimensions (Chamberlain & Zika, 1988; Harlow, Newcomb, & Bentler, 1986; Shek, 1992).”
ResultA Multi-Study Examination of Well-Being Theory in College and Community Samples
Coffey, J. K., Wray‐Lake, L., Mashek, D. J., & Branand, B. (2014) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-014-9590-8 · Cited by 179
“2009), and relates to greater life satisfaction (Chamberlain and Zika 1988), higher rates of happiness, and fewer psychological problems (Debats et al.”
BackgroundAssessing psychological well-being: self-report instruments for the NIH Toolbox
Salsman, J. M., Lai, J., Hendrie, H. C., Butt, Z. A., Zill, N., Pilkonis, P. A., Peterson, C., Stoney, C. M., Brouwers, P. Y., & Cella, D. F. (2013) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-013-0452-3 · Cited by 163
“71 [19].”
SPIRITUALITY, MEANING IN LIFE, AND WORK WELLNESS: A RESEARCH AGENDA
Klerk, J. J. D. (2005) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/eb028998 · Cited by 136
Theoretical Perspectives Guiding QOL Indicator Projects
Sirgy, M. J. (2010) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-010-9692-6 · Cited by 137
“Examples of QOL measures based on the concept of purpose and meaning in life include Palomar (1997) that asks questions such as ‘‘How do you feel about your sense of purpose in life?’’ More recently, Schulenberg and Melton (2010) have provided some evidence of construct validity in relation to the Purpose-in-Life (PIL…”
BackgroundMachell, K. A., Kashdan, T. B., Short, J. L., & Nezlek, J. B. (2014) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12103 · Cited by 147
“Meaning in life can also be sustained through goal achievement and fulfillment (Chamberlain & Zika, 1988).”
BackgroundThe unbearable lightness of meaning: Well-being and unstable meaning in life
Steger, M. F., & Kashdan, T. B. (2013) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2013.771208 · Cited by 153
“…a great deal of meaning in their lives also report higher levels of happiness (e.g. Debats, van der Lubbe, & Wezeman, 1993), life satisfaction (e.g. Chamberlain & Zika, 1988; Steger, Oishi, & Kesebir, 2011), and general well-being (e.g. Bonebright, Clay, & Ankenmann, 2000) and physical health…”
BackgroundReker, G. T. (2004) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.03.010 · Cited by 114
Assessment of Existential Meaning and its Longitudinal Relations with Depressive Symptoms
Mascaro, N., & Rosen, D. H. (2008) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2008.27.6.576 · Cited by 111
Kashdan, T. B., & McKnight, P. E. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0033278 · Cited by 116
Schulenberg, S. E., & Melton, A. M. A. (2008) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-008-9124-3 · Cited by 106
“With regard to validity, growing support for the PIL has been noted in a number of studies or reviews ( Chamberlain and Zika 1988; Crumbaugh and Henrion 1988; Crumbaugh and Maholick 1969; Hutzell 1988; Melton and Schulenberg 2007, 2008; Reker 2000; Reker and Cousins 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialMarsh, A., Smith, L., Piek, J. P., & Saunders, B. (2003) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164403251040 · Cited by 99
“Chamberlain and Zika (1988) found one general higher order factor.”
BackgroundResultConceptualizing brand purpose and considering its implications for consumer eudaimonic well‐being
Williams, P., Escalas, J. E., & Morningstar, A. (2022) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcpy.1324 · Cited by 121
Shultz, C. J., Rahtz, D. R., & Sirgy, M. J. (2016) · International handbooks of quality-of-life · doi:10.1007/978-94-024-0878-2_21 · Cited by 94
Monnot, M. J., & Beehr, T. A. (2014) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2014.07.005 · Cited by 91
Counseling Psychology and Optimal Human Functioning
Walsh, W. B. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410609205 · Cited by 89
Factor structure and invariance of personal meaning measures in cohorts of younger and older adults
Reker, G. T., & Fry, P. S. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00312-4 · Cited by 81
SOURCES OF MEANING THROUGH THE LIFESPAN
Baum, S. K., & Stewart, R. B. (1990) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1990.67.1.3 · Cited by 81
A Prospective Study of Existential Issues in Therapeutic Horticulture for Clinical Depression
Gonzalez, M. T., Hartig, T., Patil, G. G., Martinsen, E. W., & Kirkevold, M. (2011) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.3109/01612840.2010.528168 · Cited by 79
“Reliability and construct validity are satisfactory (Debats, 1998), and the internal consistency on the LRI scale is reported to be high (Chamberlain & Zika, 1988; Debats et al., 1993).”
BackgroundTHE LIFE REGARD INDEX: RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY
Debats, D. L. (1990) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1990.67.1.27 · Cited by 77
Meaning and suffering in organizations
Driver, M. (2007) · Journal of Organizational Change Management · doi:10.1108/09534810710779063 · Cited by 77
“Meaning, in turn, has been defined, measured and operationalized in a variety of ways ( Chamberlain and Zika, 1988”
BackgroundDeveloping a Eudaimonia Research Agenda in Travel and Tourism
Sirgy, M. J., & Uysal, M. (2016) · International handbooks of quality-of-life · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42445-3_32 · Cited by 71
Japan’s silver human resource centers and participant well-being
Weiss, R. S., Bass, S. A., Heimovitz, H. K., & Oka, M. (2005) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology · doi:10.1007/s10823-005-3797-4 · Cited by 66
“The remaining three items together constituted criteria for general well-being ( Chamberlain & Zika, 1988; Parkes & Weiss, 1983; Weiss, 1990; Weiss & Richards, 1997).”
BackgroundJafary, F., Farahbakhsh, K., Shafiabadi, A., & Delāvar, A. (2011) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2010.548056 · Cited by 66
“Similar results have been obtained by Steger, Oishi, and Kashdan ( 2009 ), Ravindran, Matheson, Griffiths, Merali, and Anisman, (2007), Low and Molzahn ( 2007 ), Lee and Oh ( 2007 ), Skrabski, Kopp, Rozsa, Rethelyi, and Rahe ( 2005 ), Joseph ( 2004 ), Harlow, Newcomb, and Bentler ( 1986 ), Chamberlain and Zika ( 1988…”
ResultThe Moral Dimensions of Boredom: A Call for Research
Elpidorou, A. (2017) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000098 · Cited by 65
Between self-clarity and recovery in schizophrenia: reducing the self-stigma and finding meaning
Hasson-Ohayon, I., Mashiach-Eizenberg, M., Elhasid, N., Yanos, P. T., Lysaker, P. H., & Roe, D. (2014) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.11.009 · Cited by 60
“Some support a two-factor division [25–27], and others suggest there is one factor [28].”
BackgroundA Psychometric Investigation of Logotherapy Measures and the Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45.2).
Schulenberg, S. E. (2004) · North American journal of psychology · Cited by 60
Shin, J. Y., Steger, M. F., & Henry, K. L. (2016) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2015.1111844 · Cited by 68
“Previous research established close negative relations between stress and MIL (e.g., Chamberlain & Zika, 1988; Steger, Frazier, Oishi, & Kaler, 2006; Steger, Frazier, & Zacchanini, 2008; Steger, Kashdan, Sullivan, & Lorentz, 2008).”
der Heyden, K. V., Dezutter, J., & Beyers, W. (2015) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.995589 · Cited by 54
“Nowadays, several researchers agree that meaning is a multidimensional phenomenon with multiple sources (e.g., Chamberlain & Zika, 1988).”
BackgroundMeaning in Life in Three Samples of Elderly Persons with High Cognitive Functioning
Takkinen, S., & Ruoppila, I. (2001) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/wbug-nrkm-xj7a-5qwp · Cited by 54
“The relationship with the sense of coherence, which has been shown to be strongly related to several measures of meaning in life (Chamberlain & Zika, 1988; Coward, 1996; van Selm & Dittmann-Kohli, 1998), substantiates the validity of the interview question as a measure of meaning in life.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRanst, N. V., & Marcoen, A. (1997) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(97)00011-1 · Cited by 51
On the psychology of meaning of life 1
Auhagen, A. E. (2000) · doi:10.1024/1421-0185.59.1.34 · Cited by 49
Psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the Purpose in Life scale
Jonsén, E., Fagerström, L., Lundman, B. M., Nygren, B., Vähäkangas, M., & Strandberg, G. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2008.00682.x · Cited by 48
Measuring Meaning in Life in South Africa: Validation of an Instrument Developed in the USA
Klerk, J. J. D., Boshoff, A. B., & Wyk, R. V. (2009) · South African Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1177/008124630903900306 · Cited by 48
“Crumbaugh and Maholick (1964) were the first researchers to adopt a psychometric approach to measuring meaning in life as defined by Frankl with their Purpose in Life Test, revised and updated by Crumbaugh (1968).”
BackgroundSpirituality in Practice: Relationships Between Meaning in Life, Commitment and Motivation
Klerk, J. J. D., Boshoff, A. B., & Wyk, R. V. (2006) · Journal of Management Spirituality & Religion · doi:10.1080/14766080609518637 · Cited by 43
“(Chamberlain and Zika, 198), internal locus of control (Phillips, 1980), selfesteem and self-concept (Chamberlain and Zika, 1988), positive life experiences and well-being (Reker, Peacock and Wong, 1987; Scannell, Allen and Burton, 2002), successful life changes (Heatherton and Nichols, 1994), resistance to stress and…”
BackgroundLe « sens de la vie » comme paradigme pour le conseil en orientation
Bernaud, J. (2013) · Psychologie Française · doi:10.1016/j.psfr.2013.06.004 · Cited by 42
Structural properties of personal meaning systems: A new approach to measuring meaning of life
Pöhlmann, K., Gruß, B., & Joraschky, P. (2006) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760600566008 · Cited by 41
“However, factor analysis failed to confirm the three dimensions (Chamberlain & Zika, 1988), and the use of a global score of sense of coherence was recommended by Antonovsky (1983) himself.”
BackgroundAuhagen, A. E. (2000) · Swiss Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1024//1421-0185.59.1.34 · Cited by 65
Tan, L., Chen, J., Xia, T., & Hu, J. (2017) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-017-9427-9 · Cited by 41
A “Spiritual Turn” in Organizational Studies: Meaning Making or Meaningless?
Drive, M. (2007) · Journal of Management Spirituality & Religion · doi:10.1080/14766080709518646 · Cited by 38
“Meaning has been defined, measured and operationalized in a variety of ways (Chamberlain and Zika, 1988; Debats, Drost and Hansen, 1995; O'Connor and Chamberlain, 1996).”
BackgroundMeaninglessness in the Second Half of Life: The Development of a Construct
van Selm, M., & Dittmann‐Kohli, F. (1998) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/w2xn-bbjm-mf4y-adec · Cited by 35
Zhang, R., Ewalds‐Kvist, B. M., Li, D., & Jiang, J. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9849-z · Cited by 33
Psychological Effects of a Life Review Intervention for Persons With HIV Disease
Vaughan, S. M., & Kinnier, R. T. (1996) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1996.tb02321.x · Cited by 32
Brunelli, C., Bianchi, E., Murru, L., Monformoso, P., Bosisio, M., Gangeri, L., Miccinesi, G., Scrignaro, M., Ripamonti, C. I., & Borreani, C. (2012) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-012-1399-6 · Cited by 37
Purpose in Life Test – Characteristics of the Hungarian Adaptation
Thege, B. K., & Martos, T. (2006) · Mentálhigiéné és Pszichoszomatika · doi:10.1556/mental.7.2006.3.1 · Cited by 30
Psychoticism and purpose in life
Pearson, P. R., & SHEFFIELD, B. F. (1989) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(89)90245-6 · Cited by 30
Questionário de Sentido de Vida: Evidências de sua Validade Fatorial e Consistência Interna
de Aquino, T. A. A., Gouveia, V. V., de Aguiar, A. A., Serafim, T. D. B., Pontes, A. D. M., Pereira, G. D. A., & Fernandes, A. S. (2015) · Psicologia Ciência e Profissão · doi:10.1590/1982-3703001332012 · Cited by 29
Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Yaşamda Anlam ve Yaşam Amaçları Arasındaki İlişki
Çelik, N. D. (2016) · Mediterranean Journal of Humanities · doi:10.13114/mjh.2016119294 · Cited by 27
“Bu konuda yapılan çalışmalar yaşamda anlamın; mutluluk (Chamberlain & Zika 1988; Steger, Oishi & Kesebir 2011), iyi-oluş (Bonebright, Clay & Ankenmann 2000) ve sosyal yakınlık (Ryff 1989) gibi olumlu psikoloji bileşenleri ile pozitif yönde ilişkili olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.”
The spiritual identity of projects
Sense, A., & Fernando, M. (2010) · International Journal of Project Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2010.06.003 · Cited by 27
Measuring Meaning in Life: An Empirical Comparison of Two Well-Known Measures
Damásio, B., Hauck-Filho, N., & Koller, S. (2014) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-014-9602-8
Meaning in Life as an Important Component of Functioning in Old Age
Takkinen, S., & Ruoppila, I. (2001) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/h6h6-yat0-181y-5br3 · Cited by 25
“Many of them have shown good reliability and validity (see Antonovsky, 1993; Chamberlain & Zika, 1988; Prager, 1996).”
BackgroundMethodSense of meaning and academic performance: A brief report
Mason, H. D. (2017) · Journal of Psychology in Africa · doi:10.1080/14330237.2017.1321860 · Cited by 25
“Previous research supports the validity and reliability of the PIL Test as a measurement of meaning (Chamberlain & Zika, 1988; Crumbaugh & Maholick, 1981; Melton & Schulenberg, 2008) .”
MethodSteger, M. F., Bundick, M. J., & Yeager, D. S. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_316 · Cited by 25
The Mind of the “Happy Warrior”: Eudaimonia, Awe, and the Search for Meaning in Life
Danvers, A. F., O’Neil, M. J., & Shiota, M. N. (2016) · International handbooks of quality-of-life · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42445-3_21 · Cited by 24
Structural Validity of the Life Regard Index
Steger, M. F. (2007) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1080/07481756.2007.11909808 · Cited by 23
Meaning in Life Across Life Stages: Pathways from Uncertainty to Subjective Well-being
Uzun, K., & Arslan, G. (2025) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-025-10461-x · Cited by 23
“A review of the literature reveals that a meaningful existence is linked to good things like happiness and hope (Chamberlain & Zika, 1988 ; Hicks & King, 2007; Majercakova Albertova & Bolekova, 2022 ).”
The role of goal and meaning in life for older adults facing interpersonal stress
Lee, J. E., Kahana, E. F., Kahana, B., & Zarit, S. H. (2020) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1849020 · Cited by 23
“Using a multiple-item scale, scholars found that the construct of goal in life is unidimensional (Chamberlain & Zika, 1988; Dale, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodHappiness, Meaning in Life, and PTSD Symptoms Among National Guard Personnel: A Multilevel Analysis
Bryan, C. J., Bryan, A. O., Rugo, K. F., Hinkson, K. D., & Leifker, F. R. (2019) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-019-00129-3 · Cited by 26
A longitudinal study of a semester at sea voyage
Dukes, R. L., Lockwood, E., Oliver, H., Pezalla, C., & Wilker, C. (1994) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/0160-7383(94)90116-3 · Cited by 20
Schlechter, A. F. (2005) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) · Cited by 19
ULTIMATE, PROVISIONAL, AND PERSONAL MEANING OF LIFE: DIFFERENCES AND COMMON GROUND
Auhagen, A. E., & Holub, F. E. (2006) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.99.1.131-146 · Cited by 18
Law, B. M. F. (2012) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1100/2012/685741 · Cited by 18
“Other studies have found within the PIL one general factor [23, 24] with different primary factors.”
BackgroundReligion, paranormal beliefs, and meaning in life
FioRito, T. A., Abeyta, A. A., & Routledge, C. D. (2020) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2020.1824938 · Cited by 21
“…compared to those who do not view their lives as meaningful, experience more positive affect (King et al., 2006; Krok, 2017), life satisfaction (Chamberlain & Zika, 1988; Ho et al., 2010; Krok, 2017), self-esteem (Steger et al., 2006), and less mental health issues (Disabato et al., 2016;…”
BackgroundExistential Versus Causal Attributions: The Social Perceiver as Philosopher
Wong, P. T. P. (1991) · Recent research in psychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3126-4_6 · Cited by 14
Orientación religiosa y sentido de la vida
García‐Alandete, J., Martínez, E. R., Nohales, P. S., & Lozano, B. S. (2013) · Universitas Psychologica · doi:10.11144/javeriana.upsy12-2.orsv · Cited by 13
A reliability and validity study of the meaningful activity participation assessment
Eakman, A. M. (2015) · University of Southern California Digital Library · doi:10.25549/usctheses-m538 · Cited by 13
Evaluating the Effect of Entrepreneurial Programs Elements on Students: A Scale Development
Barron, E., & Ruiz, L. E. (2021) · BAR - Brazilian Administration Review · doi:10.1590/1807-7692bar2021190057 · Cited by 12
“Some scholars (e.g., Bonebright, Clay, & Ankenmann, 2000; Chamberlain & Zika, 1988), primarily in the psychological environment, note that people may feel fulfilled in life when their work activities are associated with their life goals.”
Reflections on the Meaning of a Semester at Sea Voyage after Twenty-Two Years
Dukes, R. L. (2006) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.98.1.209-216 · Cited by 12
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF TRAVEL AND STUDY: THE SEMESTER AT SEA PROGRAM
Dukes, R. L., Johnson, R., & Newton, H. (1991) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1991.68.2.563 · Cited by 12
Factors Related to Meaning of Life in Taiwanese Women Treated with In Vitro Fertilization
Su, T., Chen, Y.-C., Chen, H., Yang, Y., & Hung, Y.-T. (2006) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/s0929-6646(09)60137-6 · Cited by 12
장진이, & Yon, L. J. (2014) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.15.1.201402.259 · Cited by 12
Motivation to work, work commitment and man's will to meaning
Klerk, D. (2001) · UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria) · Cited by 12
Longitudinal analysis of the relationship of existential meaning with depression and hope
Mascaro, N. (2006) · OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries) · Cited by 12
Mascaro, N. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0308-5_16 · Cited by 10
García‐Alandete, J., MARTÍNEZ, E. R., Lozano, B. S., & Gallego-Pérez, J. F. (2011) · Universitas Psychologica · doi:10.11144/javeriana.upsy10-3.dasp · Cited by 10
A Profile of Canadian Correctional Workers
Hughes, G. V., & Zamble, E. (1993) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x9303700202 · Cited by 10
Akyüz, A. M., & Durmuş, İ. (2022) · Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.11611/yead.953466 · Cited by 9
Anghel, E., Ludlow, L., Szendey, O., Matz-Costa, C., O'Keefe, T., & Braun, H. (2021) · International Journal of Educational Methodology · doi:10.12973/ijem.7.4.603 · Cited by 7
“For example, college students in the current sample did not consider preparedness for death as a part of their sense of purpose in life, while others might (e.g., adult women; Chamberlain & Zika, 1988).”
BackgroundInvestigation of personal factors affecting existential anxiety: A model testing study
Evram, G., & Eş, A. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00947-2 · Cited by 12
Sentidos de vida: um estudo transcultural entre gestores brasileiros e portugueses
Teixeira, M. L. M., Domenico, S. M. R. D., de Mello, N. O., de Almeida, C. M. A., & de Almeida, F. J. R. (2006) · Organizações & Sociedade · doi:10.1590/s1984-92302006000300001 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Chamberlain, K., & Zika, S.
- Affiliations
- Massey University (NZ)
- ORCID
- Chamberlain, Kerry
- Venue
- Personality and Individual Differences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1988-01
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 589-596
- ISSN
- 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2050792385
- Cited by
- 170
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 3.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- meaning in life, scale validation, factor structure, meaning of life, sense of coherence, multidimensional construct, higher-order factor analysis
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